Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL MAPS OF CALIFORNIA -- 1 Introduction -- The Need for This Book -- The Early Development of Ecology in California: A Different Path Taken -- Emergent Patterns -- Structure of the Book -- Recommended Reading -- References -- PART ONE. DRIVERS -- 2 Climate -- The Nature of the California Climate -- General Climate Features -- Warm Season -- Cool Season -- Atmospheric Rivers -- Ocean Influence -- El Niño and La Niña -- The Wide Range of Climates in California -- Spatial Variability of Temperature -- Seasonal and Diurnal Temperature Variation -- Spatial Variability of Precipitation -- Interannual Variability of Precipitation -- Spatial Variation of Incoming Surface Solar Radiation -- Regional Features -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 3 Fire as an Ecosystem Process -- Introduction -- Fire Intensity or Severity -- Fire in a Historical Context -- Landscape Patterns of Burning -- Fire Departure Index -- Postfire Recovery of Plant Communities -- Fire Effects on Soils, Hydrology, and Carbon Storage -- Fire in Social Context -- Fire Management -- Global Changes -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 4 Geomorphology and Soils -- Overview of Geologic Processes -- Sierra Nevada -- The Central Valley -- Coast Ranges -- Klamath Mountains -- Cascade Range -- Modoc Plateau -- Basin and Range Province -- Transverse and Peninsular Ranges -- Coastal California -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 5 Population and Land Use -- Introduction -- The Relationships between Population and Land Use -- Population -- Land Use -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 6 Oceanography -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Forcing -- Oceanic Response.

Future Changes in the California Current System -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 7 Atmospheric Chemistry -- Introduction -- Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Air Quality: An Overview -- Statewide Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Their Implications for Air Pollution Transport -- Ozone Distribution in Space and Time -- Biological Effects of Ozone -- Nitrogen Air Pollution and Atmospheric Deposition: Forms and Spatial Trends -- Ecological Effects of Nitrogen Deposition -- Other Pollutants -- Dust, Aerosols, and Black Carbon -- Fire Effects on Air Quality -- Interactive Effects of Air Pollution and Climate Change and Projections for the Future -- Human Health Effects of Key Pollutants -- Conservation, Adaptation, and Mitigation -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- PART TWO. HISTORY -- 8 Ecosystems Past: Vegetation Prehistory -- Introduction -- Reconstructing the Past: Methods of Historical Ecology -- Misty Origins: Mesozoic Ecosystems (252-66 Ma) -- Recognizable Taxa with Nonanalog Associations: Paleogene and Neogene (66-2.6 Ma) -- The Ice Age Rollercoaster: Quaternary Environments (<2.6 Ma) -- Zooming In: Retreat from the last Ice Age (~20 ka to present) -- Lessons from the Past for the Future -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 9 Paleovertebrate Communities -- Introduction -- Fossil History of Mammals -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 10 Indigenous California -- Introduction -- History of Research -- The Peopling of California: A Framework -- Alternate Views on Indigenous Ecology -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- References -- PART THREE. BIOTA -- 11 Biodiversity -- Introduction -- Flora -- Invertebrates -- Reptiles and Amphibians -- Birds.

Mammals -- Conservation Context -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 12 Vegetation -- Introduction -- Climatic and Environmental Gradients -- Vegetation Classification -- Summary of Major Vegetation Types -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 13 Biological Invasions -- Introduction -- Invasion Ecology -- California's Invasion History -- Ecological and Anthropogenic Drivers of Invasions in California -- Degree of Invasion in California's Ecosystems -- Impacts of Invasive Species in California -- Invader Management: Challenges and Success Stories -- The Future of Biological Invasions in California -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 14 Climate Change Impacts -- Introduction -- Climate Change in California -- Climate Change in a Multistressor Context -- Observed Impacts of Climate Change to Date -- Impacts of Future Climate Changes -- The Velocity of Climate Change -- Species Ranges -- Biome Boundaries/Species Ranges -- Interacting Factors: Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier -- Biotic Interactions -- Invasive Species -- Biodiversity -- Managing California Ecosystems in the Changing Future -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 15 Introduction to Concepts of Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, Ecosystem Services, and Natural Capital -- Introduction -- Biodiversity: The Variety of Life on Earth -- Ecosystem Functions -- Ecosystem Services -- Examples of Ecosystem Functions and Services in Californian Ecosystems -- Supporting Agricultural Services: Pollination and Pest Control -- Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Ecosystem Services in Decision Making -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- PART FOUR. ECOSYSTEMS.

16 The Offshore Ecosystem -- Introduction -- Offshore Ecosystems and Food Webs of the California Current System -- Ecosystem Services, Threats, and Management Structure in the Offshore California Current -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 17 Shallow Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests -- Introduction -- Geographic Distribution of Kelp Forests -- Trophic Structure and Functional Attributes of Kelp Forest Ecosystems -- Determinants of Community Structure -- Disturbance, Forest Dynamics, and Shifts in Community Structure -- Kelp Forest Ecosystem Services -- Human Impacts to Kelp Forests and Management Responses -- Invasive Species -- Ecosystem-based Management and Marine Protected Areas -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 18 Intertidal -- Introduction -- Significance and History of Rocky Intertidal Research -- The California Coast -- Organisms of California's Rocky Intertidal Ecosystems -- Benthic-Pelagic Coupling -- Intertidal Ecology -- Human Impacts -- Climate Change -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 19 Estuaries: Life on the Edge -- Introduction -- Complex Patterns of Ecosystem Variability -- Biota and Their Roles in the Ecosystem -- The Human Dimension -- A Long View of California's Estuaries -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 20 Sandy Beaches -- Introduction -- Geomorphic Properties and Characteristics -- Beach Profiles and Features -- Key Drivers, Processes, and Patterns -- Ecosystem Attributes and Food Webs -- Ecosystem Functions -- Human Impacts and Influences -- Conservation and Restoration Strategies -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 21 Coastal Dunes -- Introduction -- Geography -- Dune Formation and Shape.

Physical Conditions for Organisms -- Macroorganisms -- Population and Evolutionary Ecology -- Ecosystem Services -- Effects of Humans -- Management Strategies -- Future Scenarios -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 22 Coastal Sage Scrub -- Introduction -- Key Community Interactions -- Variation of the System in Time and Space -- Human Impacts from the Postcolonial Era to Present -- Management and Restoration -- Future Scenarios -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 23 Grasslands -- Introduction -- Primary Factors Controlling the Distribution of California's Grasslands -- Interacting Factors: Transition of California's Grasslands to a Non-Native-Dominated State -- Ecosystem Functioning -- Ecology and Management of Ecosystem Services -- Impacts of Humans on Grasslands -- Management under Future Conditions -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 24 Chaparral -- Introduction -- Geography of Chaparral -- Origins -- Principal Organisms Found in Chaparral -- Life Histories and Wildfire -- Physiology of Chaparral Shrubs -- Chaparral in the Long Absence of Fire -- Biogeochemical and Hydrological Dynamics -- The Future of Chaparral -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 25 Oak Woodlands -- Introduction -- Distribution -- Oak Woodland Climate -- Biodiversity and Characteristic Species -- Ecosystem Structure and Processes -- Disturbance and Ecosystem Resilience -- Land Use Conversion and Ecosystem Fragmentation -- Ecosystem Services -- Scenarios of Oak Woodlands in the Mid-twentieth Century -- Research Needs and Priorities -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Recommended Reading -- Glossary -- References -- 26 Coast Redwood Forests -- Introduction -- Physiographic Setting.

General Vegetation Extent and History of the Pacific Coastal Forest.