ECG from Basics to Essentials: Step by Step -- Contents -- Preface -- About the companion website -- Chapter 1 ANATOMY AND BASIC PHYSIOLOGY -- WHAT IS AN ECG? -- BLOOD CIRCULATION - THE HEART IN ACTION -- THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART -- ABOUT CARDIAC CELLS -- DEPOLARIZATION OF A MYOCARDIAL FIBER -- DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENT IN MYOCARDIUM AND RAPID SPREAD OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY -- RECORDING A VOLTAGE BY EXTERNAL ELECTRODES -- THE RESULTANT HEART VECTORDURING VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2 ECG RECORDING AND ECG LEADS -- THE ECG MACHINE OR ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH -- THE ECG GRID -- TIME INTERVAL VS RATE -- REGISTRATION OF AN ECG -- STANDARD LEADS ACCORDING TO EINTHOVEN -- WILSON CENTRAL TERMINAL -- AUGMENTED LIMB LEADS ACCORDING TO GOLDBERGER -- THE PRECORDIAL LEADS AFTER WILSON -- HOW TO LOCATE THE 4TH RIGHT AND LEFT INTERCOSTAL SPACES -- THE 12 LEADS PUT TOGETHER -- UNDERSTANDING THE HEXAXIAL DIAGRAM AND ITS IMPORTANCE -- COMMON ERRORS IN RECORDING THE ECG FROM PRECORDIAL LEADS -- LEAD REVERSALS IN FRONTAL PLANE -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3 THE NORMAL ECG AND THE FRONTAL PLANE QRS AXIS -- THE ORIGIN OF THE ECG -- NEUTRAL PLANE AND HEMISPHERE CONCEPT -- THE ORIGIN OF THE ECG -- NORMAL QRS COMPLEX IN THE FRONTAL PLANE -- SUMMARY OF THE FRONTAL PLANE FOR A NORMAL HEART -- SUMMARY OF THE PRECORDIAL PLANE FOR A NORMAL HEART -- ROTATION OF THE HEART -- MEAN FRONTAL PLANE ELECTRICAL QRS AXIS -- DETERMINATION OF THE MEAN QRS AXIS IN THE FRONTAL PLANE -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4 THE COMPONENTS OF THE ECG WAVES AND INTERVALS -- WHAT CAN BE SEEN ON THE NORMAL ECG -- ABOUT INTERVALS AND SEGMENTS -- THE QT INTERVAL -- THE U WAVE -- T-WAVE POLARITY AND MORPHOLOGY -- THE QRS COMPLEX: Designation of special cases -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5 P WAVES AND ATRIAL ABNORMALITIES -- TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART.

THE NORMAL P WVE 1: THE FRONTAL PLANE -- THE NORMAL P WAVE 2 THE HORIZONTAL PLANE -- LEFT ATRIAL ABNORMALITY -- RIGHT ATRIAL ABNORMALITY -- BIATRIAL ABNORMALITY -- INTERATRIAL CONDUCTION DELAY -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6 CHAMBER ENLARGEMENT AND HYPERTROPHY -- LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY -- RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7 INTRAVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION DEFECTS -- RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK -- LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK -- LBBB versus RBBB -- LEFT ANTERIOR HEMIBLOCK -- LEFT POSTERIOR HEMIBLOCK -- LAH versus LPH -- INCOMPLETE RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK -- LEFT HEMIBLOCK AND RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK -- RATE-DEPENDENT LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK -- PHASE 3 AND PHASE 4 BLOCKS -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES -- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS OF ISCHEMIA -- T WAVE CHANGES DURING ISCHEMIA -- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES -- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES -- COMMON CAUSES OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION -- OLD TERMINOLOGY OF MI -- MANIFESTATIONS OF ACUTE ST ELEVATION MI -- RECIPROCAL CHANGES IN ST ELEVATION MI -- ST ELEVATION MI VS EARLY REPOLARIZATION -- Q WAVES IN ST ELEVATION MI -- Conditions that mimic MI either by simulating pathologic Q waves or QS complexes or mimicking the typical ST-T changes of acute MI -- T waves in ST elevation MI -- Right-sided leads and right ventricular infarction -- NON-STEMI AND UNSTABLE ANGINA -- ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION -- OTHER FEATURES OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION -- Poor R wave Progression -- Persistent ST elevation -- Reperfusion -- Takotsubo cardiomyopathy -- LOCALIZATION OF STEMI -- Myocardial infarction and right bundle branch block -- Myocardial infarction during left bundle branch block -- Diagnosis of MI during right ventricular pacing -- Diagnosis of coronary artery disease: Exercise testing.

Arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9 ACUTE PERICARDITIS -- Clinical stages -- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS -- Early repolarization -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10 THE ECG IN EXTRACARDIAC DISEASE -- PULMONARY DISEASES and COR PULMONALE -- Right atrial enlargement -- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- Pulmonary embolism -- HYPOTHERMIA -- DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -- ACUTE PANCREATITIS -- HYPOTHYROIDISM -- HYPERTHYROIDISM -- ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY IN ATHLETES -- Increased QRS voltage -- Incomplete right bundle branch block -- Early repolarization -- Manifestation of increased vagal tone -- Axis -- T wave inversion -- ST depression -- Further Reading -- Chapter 11 SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION -- SINUS RHYTHMS -- SINOATRIAL BLOCKS -- Sinoatrial Wenckebach -- Sinoatrial 2:1 block -- WANDERING ATRIAL PACEMAKER -- AV JUNCTIONAL RHYTHM -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12 PREMATURE VENTRICULAR COMPLEXES (PVC) -- Unifocal PVC with fully compensatory pause -- Multifocal PVCs -- PVC causing a retrograde P wave and noncompensatory pause -- Interpolated PVC and PR prolongation -- The Coupling Interval -- End-diastolic PVC -- PVCs and the "R on T" Phenomenon -- Paired PVCs -- PVC Configuration and Morphology -- Parasystole -- ACCELERATED IDIOVENTRICULAR RHYTHM -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13 ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK -- NORMAL CONDUCTION -- 1st degree AV BLOCK -- 2nd degree AV BLOCK type I (Wenckebach or Mobitz 1) -- Left Unifascicular Block or Hemiblock -- OVERVIEW OF 2ND-DEGREE AV BLOCK -- ECG Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of 2nd-Degree AV Block -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14 ATRIAL RHYTHM DISORDERS -- ATRIAL FLUTTER -- Reentry -- ECG of the typical AFL -- Diagnosis -- Ventricular rate -- Atypical Atrial Flutter -- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION -- Classification scheme for patients with atrial fibrillation -- Lone atrial fibrillation.

Electrocardiogram -- Regular ventricular rate -- Long-Short Rule - Ashman phenomenon -- Pathophysiology -- Principles of therapy -- CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE -- SICK SINUS SYNDROME -- SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIAS -- TACHYCARDIAS RELATED TO THE SINOATRIAL NODE -- ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAS -- ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA WITH AV BLOCK -- ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA -- ATRIOVENTRICULAR REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA -- Manifestations of orthodromic AV reentrant tachycardia -- Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) -- Focal junctional tachycardia -- Nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia -- Overview of supraventricular tachycardia -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15 VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIAS -- VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA -- Electrocardiography of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia -- Brugada algorithm for the diagnosis of wide complex tachycardias -- THE BRUGADA SYNDROME -- Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia -- Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia -- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia -- Bundle Branch Reentry -- Long QT syndrome -- Torsades de pointes -- Short QT syndrome -- Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and cardiac ischemia -- Short-coupled variant of Torsades de Pointes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 16 VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION AND VENTRICULAR FLUTTER -- VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION -- VENTRICULAR FLUTTER -- Termination of ventricular fibrillation by a shock from an implanted defibrillator -- Further Reading -- Chapter 17 PREEXCITATION AND WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME (WPW) -- MECHANISM -- ECG MANIFESTATIONS -- ASSOCIATED FINDINGS -- DEGREE OF PREEXCITATION -- LOCATION OF ACCESSORY PATHWAYS -- ARRHYTHMIAS -- PREEXCITATION VARIANTS -- ATRIOFASCICULAR BYPASS -- ATRIOHISIAN BYPASS -- FASCICULOVENTRICULAR BYPASS -- Further Reading -- Chapter 18 ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES -- HYPERKALEMIA -- HYPOKALEMIA -- HYPOMAGNESEMIA.

HYPERMAGNESEMIA -- HYPOCALCEMIA -- HYPERCALCEMIA -- Further Reading -- Chapter 19 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS -- ABERRANT CONDUCTION -- Ashman phenomenon -- Phase 3 Aberrancy -- Bradycardia-dependent aberration -- Retrograde invasion of bundle branch -- CONCEALED CONDUCTION -- Ventricular premature beats -- Atrial fibrillation and flutter -- Concealed extrasystoles -- VENTRICULAR FUSION -- OVERDRIVE SUPPRESSION -- R on T PHENOMENON -- ATRIOVENTRICULAR DISSOCIATION -- CARDIAC MEMORY -- PARASYSTOLE -- ELECTRICAL ALTERNANS -- Further Reading -- Chapter 20 ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS -- The action potential -- Vaughan-Williams Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs -- Proarrhythmia -- Prolongation of the QT interval and torsades de pointes -- OVERVIEW OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS -- DIGITALIS TOXICITY -- Further Reading -- Chapter 21 PACEMAKERS AND THEIR ECGs -- Introduction -- Rate or interval? -- Pacing nomenclature -- VOO pacing -- VVI pacing -- Interval terminology of a VVI pacemaker -- Sensing -- AAI pacing -- DDD pacing -- What are refractory periods? -- Upper rate response of DDD pacemakers -- Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia -- Repetitive nonreentrant ventriculoatrial synchrony -- Tachycardias during DDD(R) pacing -- Automatic mode switching -- Rate-adaptive pacemakers -- Patterns of depolarization during ventricular pacing -- Cardiac resynchronization with biventricular pacing -- Evaluation of atrial capture and sensing in dual chamber pacemakers -- Electrical complications during ventricular pacing -- Myopotential interference -- Hyperkalemia -- Algorithms to minimize right ventricular pacing -- Further Reading -- Chapter 22 ERRORS IN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY MONITORING, COMPUTERIZED ECG, OTHER SITES OF ECG RECORDING -- ERRORS IN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY -- Inaccurate Lead Placement -- Superimposition of Standard ECG Leads with Telemetry Leads.

Technically Unacceptable ECG Recordings.