Title Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- SECTION 1: Pathophysiology of bowel and bladder dysfunction -- CHAPTER 1: Neurophysiology of voiding -- Anatomy of the lower urinary tract -- Afferent mechanisms -- Spinal cord and brainstem -- Cortex -- Efferent mechanisms, peripheral -- Efferent mechanisms, central -- Development of urinary continence -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 2: Neurophysiology of defecation -- Normal defecation patterns -- Functional anatomy of colon, rectum, and anus -- Colorectal motility and defecation -- References -- CHAPTER 3: Functional brain imaging in bowel and bladder control -- Introduction -- Background -- Anterior cingulate cortex -- Prefrontal cortex -- PAG and PMC -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- SECTION 2: Epidemiological aspects of bowel and bladder dysfunction -- CHAPTER 4: The epidemiology of childhood incontinence -- Introduction -- Nocturnal enuresis -- Daytime urinary incontinence -- Fecal incontinence -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 5: Quality of life factors in bladder and bowel dysfunction -- Quality of life factors in BBD -- Neurogenic BBD -- References -- CHAPTER 6: Psychological aspects in bladder and bowel dysfunction -- Introduction -- Subclinical symptoms -- Clinical comorbid disorders -- Differences in types of incontinence -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Appendix Short screening instrument for psychological problems in enuresis (SSIPPE) -- Short screening instrument for psychological problems in enuresis (SSIPPE) -- Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) -- References -- CHAPTER 7: Neuropsychiatric disorders and genetic aspects of bowel or bladder dysfunction -- Introduction -- Cortical thinning and neuropsychiatric disorders -- Right frontal lobe and incontinence -- ADHD -- Lateral prefrontal cortex -- White matter abnormalities.

How does this correlate to children? -- Conclusion -- References -- SECTION 3: Evaluation of bowel and bladder dysfunction -- CHAPTER 8: Urodynamics in the pediatric patient -- Introduction -- Evaluation of children prior to UDS -- Preparation of the child for UDS -- Invasive urodynamics -- Catheter and electrode placement -- Cystometry -- Uroflowmetry -- Timing of UDS -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 9: Uroflowmetry and postvoid residual urine tests in incontinent children -- Introduction -- Interpretation -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 10: Evaluation of the child with voiding dysfunction -- Introduction -- History and physical examination -- Questionnaires and their validity -- Classification and major features of voiding dysfunction disorders -- The bowel issue -- References -- CHAPTER 11: Evaluation of constipation and fecal incontinence -- Definitions -- Normal defecation pattern -- Epidemiology -- Medical history -- Physical examination -- Laboratory investigations -- Abdominal radiograph -- Colonic transit time measurement -- Transabdominal rectal ultrasonography -- Contrast enema -- Defecography -- Magnetic resonance imaging -- Anorectal manometry -- Colonic manometry -- Conclusion -- References -- SECTION 4: Treatments of functional bowel and bladder dysfunction -- CHAPTER 12: Implementation of urotherapy -- Implementation of urotherapy -- Specific interventions -- Bowel therapy -- References -- CHAPTER 13: The concept of physiotherapy for childhood BBD -- The concept of physiotherapy for childhood bladder and bowel dysfunction -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 14: Biofeedback for the treatment of functional voiding problems -- Introduction -- The dietary log and voiding chart -- Toilet posture -- Relaxation biofeedback training -- Biofeedback efficacy -- Conclusion -- References.

CHAPTER 15: Pharmacotherapy of the child with functional incontinence and retention -- Lower urinary tract symptom management -- Overactive bladder -- Urinary retention/incomplete bladder emptying -- Antidepressants -- Other drugs -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 16: Treatment of functional constipation and fecal incontinence -- Treatment of functional constipation in infants and toddlers -- Treatment of functional constipation with and without fecal incontinence in children and adolescents -- Treatment of nonretentive fecal incontinence -- References -- CHAPTER 17: Peripheral tibial nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems -- Introduction -- Technique -- Mechanism of action of PTNS -- PTNS in pediatric lower urinary tract dysfunction -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 18: Sacral nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems -- Introduction -- Mechanism of action of SSN -- Patient selection for SSN -- Implantation technique -- Outcomes of SSN -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 19: Superficial stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems -- Introduction -- Clinical results -- Comparative studies with other methods -- Tens for constipation -- Enuresis -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 20: Botulinum toxin in the treatment of the functional bladder -- Use of botulinum toxin in children: Introduction -- Biochemical -- Use of Botox in pediatric urology -- Technique of injection -- Dose, patient safety, and antibodies -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 21: Psychological management of BBD -- Introduction -- Psychological aspects in evaluation of BBD -- Psychological management of BBD -- Conclusion -- References -- SECTION 5: Nocturnal enuresis -- CHAPTER 22: Pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis -- Introduction -- Nocturnal polyuria.

Underlying pathogenic mechanisms -- Reduced nocturnal bladder reservoir function -- Disturbed sleep/arousal function -- Genetic factors -- References -- CHAPTER 23: Evaluation of the enuretic child -- Tools -- Evaluation strategy -- References -- CHAPTER 24: Management of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (enuresis) -- Introduction -- Who should start the treatment? -- When to start the treatment? -- Treatment -- Desmopressin therapy [15, 54-57] -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 25: Psychological aspects in evaluation and management of nocturnal enuresis (NE) -- Introduction -- Different types of nocturnal enuresis and different types of psychological problems -- Children with special needs -- Psychological aspects in evaluation -- Psychological aspects of treatment -- Conclusions -- Appendix 25.A Short screening instrument for psychological problems in enuresis (SSIPPE) -- Short screening instrument for psychological problems in enuresis (SSIPPE) -- Strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) -- Other questionnaires -- Child behavior checklist -- Behavior assessment system for children: Second edition (BASC-2) -- References -- SECTION 6: Neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction -- CHAPTER 26: Diagnostic evaluation in children with neurogenic bladder -- Introduction -- Diagnostic modalities -- Evaluation of the neonate suspected for neuropathic bladder dysfunction -- Toddler and school age -- Puberty and adolescence -- The wet child with paralytic sphincter -- UDS: Specific pitfalls -- Ultrasound, DMSA scan, and spinal MRI -- References -- CHAPTER 27: Medical management of the neurogenic bladder -- Lower Urinary Tract Physiology -- Medical management of the overactive bladder -- References -- CHAPTER 28: Treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence -- Medical management -- Surgical options.

Surgical technique: In situ appendicocecostomy -- MACE options when the appendix is absent -- Minimally invasive MACE procedures -- Left colon MACE procedure -- Minimally invasive percutaneous cecostomy tube -- Enema protocols for MACE -- Outcomes and complications of the MACE procedure -- References -- CHAPTER 29: Neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder in pediatric spinal dysraphism -- IVES (Intravesical Electrical Stimulation) -- TENS -- PTNS -- Sacral nerve stimulation -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 30: Botulinum toxin in the treatment of neuropathic lower urinary tract dysfunction -- Pharmacology -- Clinical application -- BTX injection technique -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 31: The surgical management of the neurogenic bladder -- Introduction -- Evaluation of the patient with NGB -- Surgical reconstruction: General principles -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 32: Surgery for bowel dysfunction -- Introduction -- Antegrade continence enemas -- Cecostomy -- Diversion -- Colonic resection -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 33: Neurological surgery for neurogenic bladder dysfunction -- Introduction -- Tethered spinal cord -- Brain anomalies -- Other spinal cord lesions and vertebral anomalies -- Conclusions -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.