Recognizing and Correcting Developing Malocclusions: A Problem-Oriented Approach to Orthodontics -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Reference -- Chapter 1: A Guide for Timing Orthodontic Treatment -- 1.1 Occlusal Deviations with Indications for Interceptive Orthodontic Treatment -- 1.2 Ideal Timing for Early Treatment -- 1.2.1 Psychological Aspects -- 1.2.2 Severity of the Malocclusion -- 1.2.3 Effectiveness and Efficiency Concepts -- 1.2.4 Maturational Stage of Development -- References -- Chapter 2: Development of the Occlusion: What to do and When to do It -- 2.1 Stage 1 - Eruption of Deciduous Teeth -- 2.1.1 Biogenesis of the Deciduous Dentition -- 2.1.2 Dimensional Changes of the Dental Arches at Stage 1: -- 2.1.3 Management of Occlusal Development at Stage 1: -- 2.2 Stage 2 - Completion of the Deciduous Dentition -- 2.2.1 Dimensional Changes in the Dental Arches at Stage 2: -- 2.2.2 Management of Occlusion Development at Stage 2: -- 2.3 Stage 3 - Eruption of First Permanent Molars -- 2.3.1 Management of Occlusion Development at this Stage -- 2.4 Stage 4 - Eruption of Permanent Incisors -- 2.4.1 Dimensional Changes in the Dental Arches at this Stage -- 2.4.2 Management of Occlusal Development at this Stage -- 2.5 Stage 5 - Eruption of Mandibular Canines and First Premolars -- 2.5.1 Management of Occlusal Development at this Stage -- 2.6 Stage 6 - Eruption of Second Premolars -- 2.6.1 Management of Occlusal Development at this Stage -- 2.7 Stage 7 - Eruption of Maxillary Canines and Second Molars -- 2.7.1 Management of Occlusal Development at this Stage -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Mixed Dentition Diagnosis: Assessing the Degree of Severity of a Developing Malocclusion -- 3.1 Assessing Treatment Need, Complexity and Outcome -- 3.1.1 Summers' Occlusal Index -- 3.1.2 Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).

3.1.3 Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) -- 3.1.4 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) -- 3.1.5 Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) -- 3.1.6 The American Board of Orthodontics Complexity Index and Outcome Assessment -- 3.2 Assessing Interceptive Treatment Outcome -- 3.2.1 Class I -- 3.2.2 Class II -- 3.2.3 Class III -- References -- Chapter 4: The Genetics of the Dental Occlusion and Malocclusion -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Personalized Medicine -- 4.1.2 Clinical Examination -- 4.1.3 Principles of Dysmorphology: Variability Expressivity and Etiologic Heterogeneity -- 4.2 Chromosomal Abnormalities -- 4.3 Single Gene Defects -- 4.4 Multifactorial Inheritance -- 4.5 Genetics of Non-Syndromic Malocclusion -- 4.6 Altered Tooth Number -- 4.7 Altered Tooth Structure -- 4.8 Altered Eruption -- 4.9 Radiographic Deviations Associated with Genetic Conditions -- 4.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Class I: Recognizing and Correcting Intra-Arch Deviations -- Section I: The Development and Etiology of a Class I Malocclusion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Prevalence of Class I Malocclusion and Changes in Arch Form -- 5.3 Class I Malocclusion and the Dental Compensatory Mechanism -- 5.4 What Anterior Mandibular Malalignment is Related to -- 5.4.1 Predispositing Factors -- 5.4.2 Eruption Problems Associated with Space Loss -- 5.4.3 Contact Displacements Associated with Relapse and Tooth Movements -- References -- Section II: Intercepting Developing Class I Problems -- 5.5 Tooth Size Arch Length Discrepancy (TSALD) -- 5.6 The Assessment of Crowding in the Mixed Dentition -- 5.6.1 Zero to Minor TSALD -- 5.6.2 Small to Moderate TSALD -- 5.6.3 Gaining Spaces in the Dental Arches -- 5.6.4 Severe TSALD: Fundamentals of Serial Extraction -- References -- Chapter 6: Recognizing and Correcting Class II Malocclusions.

Section I: The Development, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Etiology of Class II Malocclusion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Prevalence -- 6.2 Characterization of the Class II, Division 2 Phenotype -- 6.3 Characterization of the Class II Division 1 Phenotype -- 6.3.1 Hyperdivergent vs. Hypodivergent Class II Division 1 Malocclusion -- 6.4 Developmental Changes of Class IIs -- 6.5 Class II Developmental Changes -- 6.6 Etiology -- References -- Section II: Class II Treatment: Problems and Solutions -- 6.7 Early Class II Adjustment -- 6.8 Treatment -- References -- Chapter 7: Recognizing and Correcting Class III Malocclusions -- Section I: The Development, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Etiology of Class III Malocclusion -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Characterization of the Class III Phenotype -- 7.3 Class III Development -- 7.4 Etiology -- References -- Section II: Class III Treatment: Problems and Solutions -- 7.5 Diagnosis -- 7.5.1 Facial Diagnosis -- 7.5.2 Cephalometric Diagnosis -- 7.5.3 Dental Diagnosis -- 7.5.4 Functional Diagnosis -- 7.5.5 Hereditary Diagnosis -- 7.6 Communication -- 7.7 Early Intervention -- 7.8 Orthopedic Maxillary Expansion -- 7.9 Face Mask and/or Chincup Orthopedics -- 7.9.1 The Face Mask -- 7.9.2 The Chincup -- 7.10 Leeway Space Control -- 7.11 Orthodontic Mechanics -- 7.12 Finishing -- 7.13 Retention -- 7.14 Growth Re-Evaluation -- References -- Chapter 8: Special Topics -- Section I: Habit Control: The Role of Function in Open-Bite Treatment -- 8.1 Nutritive vs. Non-Nutritive Sucking Habits -- 8.2 Tongue Physiology -- 8.3 Tongue Thrusting and Forward Resting Posture of the Tongue -- 8.4 Breaking the Habit -- 8.4.1 How and When should a Clinician Intervene? -- 8.4.2 The Araújo Approach -- 8.5 Treatment -- References -- Section II: Eruption Deviations -- 8.6 Eruption Deviations.

8.7 Eruption Deviation and PIOM: What are the Most Frequent Eruption Disturbances in Each Stage of Dental Development? -- 8.7.1 Stage 2 - Completion of Deciduous Dentition -- 8.7.2 Stage 3 - Eruption of the First Permanent Molars -- 8.7.3 Stage 4 - Eruption of the Permanent Incisors -- 8.7.4 Stage 5 - Eruption of the Mandibular Canines and the First Premolars -- 8.7.5 Stage 6 - Eruption of the Second Premolars -- 8.7.6 Stage 7 - Eruption of Maxillary Canines and Second Molars -- References -- Section III: Strategies for Managing Missing Second Premolar Teeth in the Young Patient -- 8.8 General Concepts -- 8.9 Longevity of the Second Deciduous Molar, Resorption, and Infraocclusion -- 8.9.1 Resorption -- 8.9.2 Infraocclusion -- 8.10 The Alveolar Ridge in Extracted Deciduous Molars -- 8.11 Overall Dental Health and Cost -- 8.12 Case Histories -- 8.13 Summary -- References -- Section IV: Principles and Techniques of Premolar Autotransplantation -- 8.14 Class II Malocclusion with Congenitally Missing Lower Second Premolars -- 8.15 Traumatic Loss of Upper Incisor/s -- 8.16 Uneven Tooth Distribution with Multiple Agenesis -- 8.17 Surgery -- 8.18 Selection of Anesthesia (Local vs. General) -- 8.19 Premolar to Premolar Transplantation -- 8.20 Premolar to Anterior Maxilla Transplantation -- 8.21 Post-Operative Instructions -- 8.22 Follow-Up -- 8.23 Pulp Healing -- 8.24 Periodontal Healing -- 8.25 Root Growth -- 8.26 Reshaping to Incisor Morphology -- References -- Section V: Mixed Dentition Orthodontic Mechanics -- 8.27 Definitions and Terminology [1-3] -- 8.27.1 Center of Mass and Center of Resistance (Figures 8.56-8.57) [1-3] -- 8.27.2 Orders of Tooth Movements and Orthodontic Terminology [1-3] -- 8.27.3 Force Systems [1-3] -- 8.27.4 Single-point force and moment of force -- 8.27.5 Additive and Subtractive Couples [1-3].

8.27.6 Equilibrium and Tooth Movement - Newton's Third Law [1-3] -- 8.27.7 Force Systems and Tooth Movements [1] -- 8.27.8 Mixed Dentition Example of One Tube (Bracket) and One Couple System -- 8.27.9 Mixed Dentition: Maxillary Anterior Root Convergence -- 8.27.10 Orthodontic Treatment of Teeth with Open Apices -- 8.27.11 Two Brackets - Two Equal and Oppositely Directed Couples -- 8.27.12 Two Brackets - Two Unequal Oppositely Directed Couples -- 8.27.13 Two Brackets - Two "Same Direction, Additive" Couples Including Increased Anterior Incisor Root Torque -- 8.27.14 Clinical Application - Mixed Dentition Openbite, Two "Same Direction, additive" Couples Including Increased Anterior Incisor Root Torque -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.