Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- Chapter 1 Safety Assurance and Assessment -- Introduction to Safety, Health, and Environment Management -- 1.1 Importance of Safety -- 1.2 Basic Terminologies in HSE -- 1.2.1 What Is Safety? -- 1.2.2 Why Is Safety Important? -- 1.3 Importance of Safety in Offshore and Petroleum Industries -- 1.4 Objectives of HSE -- 1.5 Scope of HSE Guidelines -- 1.6 Need for Safety -- 1.7 Organizing Safety -- 1.7.1 Ekofisk B Blowout -- 1.7.2 Enchova Blowout -- 1.7.3 West Vanguard Gas Blowout -- 1.7.4 Ekofisk A Riser Rupture -- 1.7.5 Piper A Explosion and Fire -- 1.8 Risk -- 1.9 Safety Assurance and Assessment -- 1.10 Frank and Morgan Logical Risk Analysis -- 1.11 Defeating Accident Process -- 1.12 Acceptable Risk -- 1.13 Risk Assessment -- 1.13.1 Hazard Identification -- 1.13.2 Dose-Response Assessment -- 1.13.3 Exposure Assessment -- 1.13.4 Risk Characterization -- 1.14 Application Issues of Risk Assessment -- 1.15 Hazard Classification and Assessment -- 1.15.1 Hazard Identification -- 1.15.2 Hazard Identification Methods -- 1.16 Hazard Identification During Operation (HAZOP) -- 1.16.1 HAZOP Objectives -- 1.16.2 Common Application Areas of HAZOP -- 1.16.3 Advantages of HAZOP -- 1.17 Steps in HAZOP -- 1.18 Backbone of HAZOP -- 1.19 HAZOP Flowchart -- 1.20 Full Recording Versus Recording by Exception -- 1.21 Pseudo Secondary Words -- 1.22 When to Do HAZOP? -- 1.22.1 Types of HAZOP -- 1.23 Case Study of HAZOP: Example Problem of a Group Gathering Station -- 1.24 Accidents in Offshore Platforms -- 1.24.1 Sleipner A Platform -- 1.24.2 Thunder Horse Platform -- 1.24.3 Timor Sea Oil Rig -- 1.24.4 Bombay High North in Offshore Mumbai -- 1.25 Hazard Evaluation and Control -- 1.25.1 Hazard Evaluation -- 1.25.2 Hazard Classification -- 1.25.3 Hazard Control -- 1.25.4 Monitoring -- Exercises 1.

Model Paper -- Chapter 2 Environmental Issues and Management -- 2.1 Primary Environmental Issues -- 2.1.1 Visible Consequences -- 2.1.2 Trends in Oil and Gas Resources -- 2.1.3 World's Energy Resources -- 2.1.4 Anthropogenic Impact of Hydrosphere -- 2.1.5 Marine Pollution -- 2.1.6 Marine Pollutants -- 2.1.7 Consequence of Marine Pollutants -- 2.2 Impact of Oil and Gas Industries on Marine Environment -- 2.2.1 Drilling Operations and Consequences -- 2.2.2 Main Constituents of Oil-Based Drilling Fluid -- 2.2.3 Pollution Due to Produced Waters During Drilling -- 2.3 Drilling Accidents -- 2.3.1 Underwater Storage Reservoirs -- 2.4 Pipelines -- 2.5 Impact on Marine Pollution -- 2.6 Oil Hydrocarbons: Composition and Consequences -- 2.6.1 Crude Oil -- 2.7 Detection of Oil Content in Marine Pollution -- 2.8 Oil Spill: Physical Review -- 2.8.1 Environmental Impact of Oil Spill -- 2.9 Oil: A Multicomponent Toxicant -- 2.9.1 Oil Spill -- 2.10 Chemicals and Wastes from Offshore Oil Industry -- 2.10.1 Drilling Discharges -- 2.11 Control of Oil Spill -- 2.12 Environmental Management Issues -- 2.12.1 Environmental Protection: Principles Applied to Oil and Gas Activities -- 2.12.2 Environmental Management: Standards and Requirements -- 2.13 Ecological Monitoring -- 2.13.1 Ecological Monitoring Stages -- 2.14 Atmospheric Pollution -- 2.14.1 Release and Dispersion Models -- 2.14.2 Continuous Release and Instantaneous Release (Plume and Puff Models) -- 2.14.3 Factors Affecting Dispersion -- 2.15 Dispersion Models for Neutrally and Positively Buoyant Gas -- 2.15.1 Plume Dispersion Models -- 2.15.2 Maximum Plume Concentration -- 2.16 Puff Dispersion Model -- 2.16.1 Maximum Puff Concentration -- 2.17 Isopleths -- 2.18 Estimate of Dispersion Coefficients -- 2.18.1 Estimates from Equations -- 2.19 Dense Gas Dispersion -- 2.19.1 Britter-McQuaid Dense Gas Dispersion Model.

2.20 Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Dispersed Liquid and Gas -- 2.21 Hazard Assessment and Accident Scenarios -- 2.21.1 Damage Estimate Modeling: Probit Model -- 2.21.2 Probit Correlations for Various Damages -- 2.22 Fire and Explosion Models -- Exercises 2 -- Chapter 3 Accident Modeling, Risk Assessment, and Management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Dose Versus Response -- 3.2.1 Various Types of Doses -- 3.2.2 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) Concentration -- 3.3 Fire and Explosion Modeling -- 3.3.1 Fundamentals of Fire and Explosion -- 3.4 Fire and Explosion Characteristics of Materials -- 3.4.1 Flammability Characteristics of Liquids -- 3.4.2 Flammability Characteristics of Vapor and Gases -- 3.5 Flammability Limit Behavior -- 3.6 Estimation of Flammability Limits Using Stoichiometric Balance -- 3.6.1 Stoichiometric Balance -- 3.6.2 Estimation of Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) -- 3.7 Flammability Diagram for Hydrocarbons -- 3.7.1 Constructing Flammability Diagram -- 3.8 Ignition Energy -- 3.9 Explosions -- 3.10 Explosion Characteristics -- 3.11 Explosion Modeling -- 3.12 Damage Consequences of Explosion Damage -- 3.13 Energy in Chemical Explosions -- 3.14 Explosion Energy in Physical Explosions -- 3.15 Dust and Gaseous Explosion -- 3.16 Explosion Damage Estimate -- 3.17 Fire and Explosion Preventive Measures -- 3.17.1 Inerting and Purging -- 3.18 Use of Flammability Diagram -- 3.18.1 Placing a Vessel Out of Service -- 3.18.2 Placing a Vessel into Service -- 3.19 NFPA 69 Recommendations -- 3.20 Explosion-Proof Equipments -- 3.20.1 Class Systems -- 3.20.2 Group Systems -- 3.20.3 Division Systems -- 3.21 Ventilation for Storage and Process Areas -- 3.21.1 Storage Areas -- 3.21.2 Process Areas -- 3.22 Sprinkler Systems -- 3.22.1 Anti-freeze Sprinkler System -- 3.22.2 Deluge Sprinkler System -- 3.22.3 Dry Pipe Sprinkler System.

3.22.4 Wet Pipe Sprinkler System -- 3.23 Toxic Release and Dispersion Modeling -- 3.23.1 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) -- 3.24 Industrial Hygiene -- 3.25 Exposure Evaluation: Chemical Hazard -- 3.25.1 Time Weighted Average Method -- 3.25.2 Overexposure at Workplace -- 3.25.3 TLV-TWA Mix -- 3.26 Exposure Evaluation: Physical Hazards -- 3.27 Industrial Hygiene Control -- 3.27.1 Environmental Control -- 3.27.2 Personal Protection -- 3.28 Ventilation Hoods to Reduce Hazards -- 3.29 Elements to Control Process Accidents -- 3.30 Methods for Chemical Risk Analysis -- 3.30.1 Qualitative Risk Analysis -- 3.30.2 Quantitative Risk Analysis -- 3.31 Safety Review -- 3.32 Process Hazards Checklists -- 3.33 Hazard Surveys -- 3.34 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines -- 3.35 Chemical Exposure Index -- 3.36 Guidelines for Estimating Amount of Material Becoming Airborne Following a Release -- 3.36.1 Example Problem on Ammonia Release -- 3.36.2 Example Problem on Chlorine Release -- 3.37 Quantified Risk Assessment -- 3.38 Hazard Identification (HAZID) -- 3.39 Cause Analysis -- 3.40 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) -- 3.41 Event Tree Analysis (ETA) -- 3.42 Disadvantages of QRA -- 3.43 Risk Acceptance Criteria -- 3.44 Hazard Assessment -- 3.45 Identify Hazards -- 3.45.1 Prioritizing Hazards -- 3.46 Risk Assessment -- 3.46.1 Identify and Implement Hazard Controls -- 3.46.2 Communicate -- 3.47 Evaluate Effectiveness -- 3.48 Fatality Risk Assessment -- 3.48.1 Statistical Analysis -- 3.48.2 Phenomena-Based Analysis -- 3.48.3 Averaging of FAR Values -- 3.49 Marine Systems Risk Modeling -- 3.49.1 Ballast System Failure -- 3.50 Risk Picture: Definitions and Characteristics -- 3.51 Fatality Risk -- 3.51.1 Platform Fatality Risk -- 3.51.2 Individual Risk -- 3.52 Societal Risk -- 3.53 Impairment Risk -- 3.54 Environmental Risk -- 3.55 Asset Risk -- 3.56 Risk Assessment and Management.

3.57 Probabilistic Risk Assessment -- 3.58 Risk Management -- 3.58.1 Risk Preference -- Exercises 3 -- Chapter 4 Safety Measures in Design and Operation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Inerting or Purging -- 4.3 Terminologies -- 4.4 Factors Affecting Purging -- 4.5 Causes of Dilution or Mixing -- 4.5.1 Area of Contact -- 4.5.2 Time of Contact -- 4.5.3 Input Velocities -- 4.5.4 Densities of Gases -- 4.5.5 Temperature Effects -- 4.6 Methods of Purging -- 4.6.1 Siphon Purging -- 4.6.2 Vacuum Purging -- 4.6.3 Pressure Purging -- 4.6.4 Sweep-Through Purging -- 4.6.5 Fixed-Rate Purging -- 4.6.6 Variable-Rate or Demand Purging -- 4.7 Limits of Flammability of Gas Mixtures -- 4.8 Protection System Design and Operation -- 4.9 Explosion Prevention Systems -- 4.10 Safe Work Practices -- 4.10.1 Load Lifting -- 4.10.2 Confined Space, Excavations, and Hazardous Environments -- 4.10.3 Lockout/Tagout -- 4.10.4 Well Pumping Units -- 4.11 Hot Work Permit -- 4.12 Welding Fumes and Ventilation -- 4.13 Critical Equipments -- 4.13.1 Changes to Critical Equipment -- 4.14 Fire Prevention -- 4.15 Fire Protection -- 4.16 Grounding and Bonding -- 4.17 Other General Requirements -- 4.17.1 Performance-Based Design -- 4.17.2 Inspection of Protection Systems -- 4.18 Process Safety Management (PSM) at Oil and Gas Operations -- 4.18.1 Exemptions of PSM Standards in Oil and Gas Industries -- 4.18.2 Process Safety Information -- 4.19 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) -- 4.20 Safe Operating Procedures -- 4.21 Safe Work Practice Procedures -- 4.21.1 Training -- 4.21.2 Pre-startup Review -- 4.22 Mechanical Integrity -- 4.23 Management of Change -- 4.24 Incident Investigation -- 4.25 Compliance Audits -- 4.26 Software Used in HSE Management -- 4.26.1 CMO Compliance -- 4.26.2 Spiramid's HSE Software -- 4.26.3 Integrum -- 4.26.4 Rivo HSE Management Software -- Exercises 4.

Application Problem: Quantified Risk Assessment of LPG Filling Station.