Target object detection and identification are among the primary uses for a remote sensing system. This is crucial in several fields, including environmental and urban monitoring, hazard and disaster management, and defense and military. In recent years, these analyses have used the tremendous amount of data acquired by sensors mounted on satellite, airborne, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. This book promotes papers exploiting different remote sensing data for target object detection and identification, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and multispectral and hyperspectral imaging. Several cutting-edge contributions, which provide examples of how to select of a technology or another depending on the specific application, will be detailed.