Intro -- Special Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Ecological Risk Assessment of the Uses of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos, in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Uses and Properties of Chlorpyrifos -- 3 Fate of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon in the Atmosphere and Long-Range Transport -- 4 Chlorpyrifos in Surface Water -- 5 Risks of Chlorpyrifos to Aquatic Organisms -- 6 Risks of Chlorpyrifos to Birds -- 7 Risks to Pollinators -- References -- Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Chlorpyrifos -- 2.1 Properties Affecting Fate in Air and Long-Range Transport -- 2.2 Properties Affecting Fate in Soil, Water, and Sediment -- 3 Toxicity of CPY -- 3.1 Mechanism of Action -- 3.2 Interactions with Other Pesticides -- 4 Use of Chlorpyrifos and Its Formulations -- 4.1 Formulations of Chlorpyrifos -- 4.2 Environmental Precautions -- 4.3 Use of Chlorpyrifos in U.S. Field Crops -- 4.4 Timing of the Use of Chlorpyrifos -- 5 Summary -- References -- Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fate in the Atmosphere and Long-Range Transport -- 2.1 Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos-Oxon -- 2.2 Model of Long Range Transport and Characteristic Travel Distance -- 2.3 Formation and Fate of Chlorpyrifos-Oxon -- 2.4 Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon -- 3 Fate in Water -- 4 Fate in Soils and Sediments -- 5 Fate in Organisms -- 6 Assessment of Chlorpyrifos as a POP or PBT -- 7 Summary -- References -- Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Distribution of Use of Chlorpyrifos -- 1.2 Environmental Fate Properties.

2 Measurements of Chlorpyrifos in Aquatic Environments -- 2.1 Chlorpyrifos in Surface Water -- 2.2 Chlorpyrifos in Sediment -- 2.3 Chlorpyrifos Marine Monitoring Data -- 2.4 Occurrence of Chlorpyrifos Oxon -- 2.5 Exposures in Relation to Changes in Use-Pattern -- 3 Modeling of Chlorpyrifos in Aquatic Environments -- 3.1 Selection and Justification of the Models -- 3.2 Chemical Input Parameter Values, Source, and Rationale -- 3.3 Selection of Exposure Scenarios -- 3.4 Watershed Scenarios -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Summary -- References -- Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Formulation for Risk Assessment -- 2.1 Exposures to Chlorpyrifos -- 2.2 Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos -- 2.2.1 Sublethal Effects on Aquatic Animals -- 2.2.2 Toxicity of CPY and Temporality of Exposures -- 2.3 Protection Goals and Assessment Endpoints -- 2.4 Conceptual Models of Effects -- 2.5 Analysis Plan -- 3 Characterization of Effects -- 3.1 Evaluation and Selection of Data -- 3.2 Species Sensitivity Distributions -- 3.3 Ecotoxicological Profiles by Taxon -- 3.4 Evidence from Microcosms and Mesocosms -- 3.5 Reports of Field Incidents in U.S. Surface Waters -- 4 Characterization of Risks -- 4.1 Risks from Measured Exposures -- 4.2 Risks from Modeled Exposures to CPY -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Summary -- References -- Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Formulation -- 2.1 Patterns of Use -- 2.2 Formulations -- 2.3 Metabolites of CPY in the Environment -- 2.4 Routes of Exposure for Birds in Terrestrial Environments -- 2.5 Toxicity and Mode of Action -- 2.6 Conceptual Model -- 2.7 Focal Species -- 2.8 Exposure Scenarios -- 2.9 Analysis Plan -- 3 Exposure Assessment for Flowable Chlorpyrifos -- 3.1 Rationale for Developing LiquidPARAM.

3.2 Description of the Structure of the LiquidPARAM Model -- 4 Exposure Assessment for Granular Chlorpyrifos -- 5 Effects Assessment -- 5.1 Acute Toxicity Studies -- 5.2 Chronic Toxicity Studies -- 5.3 Derivation of Effects Metrics -- 5.4 Influence of Dietary Matrix on Acute Toxicity -- 5.5 Chronic NOEL and LOEL -- 6 Risk Characterization for Flowable Chlorpyrifos -- 6.1 Modeled Acute Risks from Flowable CPY -- 6.2 Modeled Chronic Risks from Flowable CPY -- 6.3 Results of Field Studies for Flowable CPY -- 6.4 Discussion of Avian Risks for Flowable CPY -- 6.5 Strengths of the Refined Risk Assessment for Flowable CPY -- 6.6 Uncertainties of the Refined Risk Assessment for Flowable CPY -- 7 Risk Characterization for Granular Chlorpyrifos -- 7.1 Modeled Acute Risks from Granular CPY -- 7.2 Results of Field Studies for Granular CPY -- 7.3 Strengths of the Refined Assessment for Granular CPY -- 7.4 Uncertainties in the Refined Risk Assessment for Granular CPY -- 8 Summary -- References -- Risk to Pollinators from the Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Formulation -- 2.1 Use Patterns of Chlorpyrifos: Pollinator Considerations -- 2.2 Scope of the Assessment -- 2.3 Conceptual Model -- 2.4 Endpoints -- 2.5 Sources of Information -- 2.6 Risk Assessment Approach -- 3 Characterization of Exposures -- 3.1 General Physical and Chemical Properties and Fate -- 3.2 General Fate in Insects -- 3.3 Tier-1 Characterizations of Exposure -- 3.4 Tier-2 Characterization of Exposure -- 3.5 Other Potential Routes of Exposure -- 4 Toxicity of CPY to Pollinators -- 4.1 Tier-1 Tests of Effects -- 4.2 Tier-2 Tests of Effects -- 4.3 Tier-3 Field Tests -- 4.4 Other Studies on the Effects of CPY -- 5 Characterization of Risk of CPY to Pollinators -- 5.1 Estimates of Risk to Honey Bees -- 5.2 Estimates of Risk to Non-Apis Pollinators.

5.3 Strengths and Uncertainties -- 6 Summary -- References -- Index.