Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Editor biographies -- Arun Anantharam -- Jefferson Knight -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Purpose and scope of this e-book -- References and recommended reading -- Chapter 2 Biogenesis of secretory granules -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Secretory protein sorting-beginning in the TGN -- 2.3 The roles of lipids in the early events of SG formation -- 2.4 Scission of nascent IGs from the TGN -- 2.5 Granule maturation-a multi-step process -- 2.6 Granule subpopulations in regulated secretory cells -- 2.7 Exploring SG biogenesis-where we are and going forward -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Exocytotic SNARE complex assembly, disassembly, and regulation -- 3.1 Introduction to exocytotic SNARE proteins and fusion events at the neuronal plasma membrane -- 3.2 Mechanisms of SNARE complex assembly -- 3.2.1 Act I: closed syntaxin-1 and Munc18 -- 3.2.2 Act II: opening syntaxin-1 with Munc13 and/or CAPS -- 3.2.3 Act III: zippering up the SNARE complex -- 3.2.4 Finale: membrane fusion -- 3.3 Negative regulation of the SNARE complex assembly by tomosyn-1 and amisyn -- 3.4 Disassembly of the SNARE complex and reuse of the SNARE proteins -- 3.5 SNARE-mediated membrane fusion beyond 2022: functional diversity of non-canonical SNARE proteins -- Acknowledgements -- References and further reading -- Chapter 4 Secretory granule motions adjacent to the plasma membrane and granule membrane protein mobility: implications for exocytosis -- 4.1 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Fusion pore stability and dynamics -- 5.1 Techniques for studying fusion pores -- 5.2 Functional considerations -- 5.3 The energy landscape of membrane fusion -- 5.4 Fusion pore states -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Mechanical regulation of exocytosis and endocytosis -- Overview -- 6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Membrane tension and membrane homeostasis -- 6.3 Coupling of exo- and endocytosis -- 6.3.1 Synaptic transmission -- 6.3.2 Phagocytosis -- 6.3.3 Membrane sealing -- 6.3.4 Cell spreading -- 6.3.5 Cell migration -- 6.3.6 Axon outgrowth and guidance -- 6.4 Regulation of exocytosis by membrane tension -- 6.5 Regulation of endocytosis by membrane tension -- 6.6 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7 A dynamin perspective on endocytosis and coupling to exocytosis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dynamin's role in endocytosis -- 7.2.1 Dynamin isoforms -- 7.2.2 Dynamin 2 and neuropathies -- 7.2.3 Dynamin endocytotic partners -- 7.2.4 Clathrin-independent, dynamin-dependent endocytotic pathways -- 7.3 Mechanochemical properties of dynamin leading to membrane fission -- 7.3.1 Dynamin assembly and fission assays -- 7.3.2 Dynamin structure -- 7.4 Coupling endocytosis and exocytosis -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Understanding the molecular mechanism of fusion pores through reconstruction -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 SNARE-mediated membrane fusion -- 8.3 The mystery of fusion pores -- 8.4 Interrogation of fusion pores using liposomes -- 8.5 Isolation of nascent fusion pores using nanodiscs -- 8.6 Dissection of pore properties using electric recording -- 8.7 Reconstitution of expanded fusion pores -- 8.8 Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Pore-spanning membranes: a tool for studying neuronal fusion -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 In vitro fusion assays -- 9.3 Setting up a single-vesicle assay based on pore-spanning membranes -- 9.4 Single-vesicle fusion assay-lipid mixing -- 9.5 Impact of synaptotagmin-1 on fusion efficiency and kinetics -- 9.6 Single-vesicle fusion assay-content release -- 9.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 Effects of anesthetics on membrane fusion and exocytosis -- 10.1 Introduction.

10.1.1 Historical background -- 10.2 Neurotransmission -- 10.2.1 Anesthetics change neurotransmitter release from cells -- 10.2.2 Changes in membrane properties -- 10.3 Current hypotheses of general anesthesia -- 10.3.1 Lateral pressure profile -- 10.4 Membrane-membrane interactions -- 10.4.1 Anesthetics and membrane fusion -- 10.5 Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Exocytosis in yeast: major players and mechanisms -- 11.1 Membrane trafficking in the yeast physiology -- 11.2 The role and regulation of the exocyst in vesicle tethering during exocytosis -- 11.3 The role and regulation of SNAREs in vesicle tethering and fusion during exocytosis -- 11.4 Small Rab GTPases -- 11.5 The cytoskeleton and small Rho GTPases: roles in exocytosis -- 11.6 Outstanding questions -- References -- Chapter 12 Stimulus-secretion coupling in the adrenal medulla -- 12.1 Anatomy and innervation -- 12.2 Cholinergic transmission in the medulla: the role of nicotinic receptors -- 12.3 Cholinergic transmission in the medulla: the role of muscarinic receptors -- 12.4 Peptidergic transmission in the medulla: the role of PACAP -- 12.5 Spontaneous versus evoked activity in the medulla -- 12.6 Activity-dependent remodeling of the adrenal medulla -- 12.7 Concluding perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Synaptic vesicle dynamics at the calyx of Held and other central synapses -- 13.1 Regulation of release probability at the calyx of Held -- 13.2 Regulation of release probability at other synapses -- 13.3 Synaptic vesicle pools at the calyx of Held -- 13.4 Vesicle pools at other synapses -- 13.5 Visualization of synaptic vesicle dynamics at the calyx of Held and other synapses -- 13.6 Physiological relevance of vesicle pools at the calyx of Held and other central synapses -- 13.7 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Chapter 14 Mechanisms of exocytosis in mammalian fertilization -- 14.1 Overview of fertilization -- 14.2 Triggers of acrosomal exocytosis in mammalian sperm -- 14.3 Early stages of the AR: Rabs, Ca2+, and cAMP -- 14.4 Other regulatory proteins that control Ca2+-induced acrosomal exocytosis: complexins, synaptotagmins, and Munc proteins -- 14.5 Mammalian oocytes undergo constitutive exocytosis prior to oocyte maturation -- 14.6 Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in the egg is the trigger for cortical granule exocytosis after fertilization -- 14.7 SNARE proteins mediate constitutive exocytosis and CGE -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 Molecular regulation of multivesicular endosome fusion and exosome secretion -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Exosomes in physiology -- 15.3 Exosomes in disease states -- 15.4 The diversity of multivesicular endosomes, intraluminal vesicles, and exosomes -- 15.5 Exosome analysis methods -- 15.5.1 Bulk collection of sEVs -- 15.5.2 Direct imaging of MVE fusion events -- 15.6 Mechanisms by which MVE secretion releases exosomes -- 15.6.1 Stage 1: ILV biogenesis and cargo sorting -- 15.6.2 Stage 2: MVE maturation -- 15.6.3 MVE acidification -- 15.6.4 Stage 3: MVE trafficking -- 15.6.5 Stage 4: MVE docking -- 15.6.6 Stage 5: MVE fusion -- 15.6.7 Stage 6: exosome secretion -- 15.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.