Intro -- Acknowledgement -- Editor biographies -- Davies William de Lima Monteiro -- Bruno Lovaglio Cançado Trindade -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 The human eye and refractive correction -- 2.1 Anatomy -- 2.1.1 The tear film -- 2.1.2 The cornea -- 2.1.3 The anterior chamber -- 2.1.4 The iris -- 2.1.5 The crystalline lens -- 2.1.6 The vitreous -- 2.1.7 The retina -- 2.1.8 The optic nerve -- 2.1.9 The visual pathway -- 2.2 Physiology -- 2.2.1 Retinal image formation -- 2.2.2 Visual field -- 2.2.3 Cortical processing -- 2.3 Anatomical dimensions -- 2.3.1 Corneal curvature -- 2.3.2 Corneal thickness -- 2.3.3 Anterior and posterior chamber depths -- 2.3.4 Crystalline-lens dimensions (thickness and diameter) -- 2.3.5 Vitreous cavity -- 2.3.6 Retinal thickness -- 2.4 Accommodation -- 2.5 Ametropia -- 2.5.1 Myopia -- 2.5.2 Hyperopia -- 2.5.3 Astigmatism -- 2.6 Visual corrections -- 2.6.1 Spectacles -- 2.6.2 Contact lenses -- 2.6.3 Laser vision correction-LVC -- 2.6.4 Phakic lenses -- 2.6.5 Refractive lens exchange -- 2.6.6 Other (drops, pinholes, etc) -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 3 Optical parameters and charts -- 3.1 Lens formula and image formation -- 3.2 Modulation transfer function-MTF -- 3.2.1 Definition -- 3.2.2 Importance and uses -- 3.3 Point spread function-PSF -- 3.3.1 Definition -- 3.3.2 Importance and uses -- 3.4 Depth of focus and depth of field -- 3.5 MTF through focus -- 3.6 Aberrations -- 3.6.1 Definition -- 3.6.2 Importance -- 3.7 Visual acuity -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 4 Intraocular lenses -- 4.1 Introduction to IOLs -- 4.2 Monofocal spherical IOLs -- 4.3 Monofocal aspheric IOLs -- 4.3.1 Concept -- 4.3.2 Indications -- 4.3.3 limitation -- 4.4 Toric IOLs -- 4.4.1 Concept -- 4.4.2 Importance (prevalence) -- 4.4.3 Indication -- 4.4.4 Limitation -- 4.5 Multifocal IOLs.

4.6 EDoFs-extended-depth-of-focus IOL -- 4.7 Small-aperture technology -- 4.7.1 Small-aperture optics -- 4.7.2 Small-aperture IOL -- 4.7.3 XtraFocus intraocular pinhole -- 4.7.4 Refracting patients with small-aperture implants -- 4.7.5 Wrap-up on small-aperture devices -- 4.8 Accommodative -- 4.8.1 Concept -- 4.8.2 Existing technology -- 4.8.3 Promising future? -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 5 Eye models -- 5.1 ISO eye model -- 5.2 Liou and Brennan eye model -- 5.2.1 Background of the eye model development -- 5.2.2 Structural parameters of the Liou and Brennan eye model -- 5.2.3 Accuracy to the real eye -- 5.3 Navarro et al eye model -- 5.3.1 Background of the eye model development -- 5.3.2 Structural parameters -- 5.3.3 Accuracy to the real eye -- 5.4 Atchison et al eye model -- 5.4.1 Background of the eye model development -- 5.4.2 Structural parameters -- 5.4.3 Accuracy to the real eye -- 5.5 Summary -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 6 IOL power calculation -- 6.1 Clinical equipment and tests -- 6.1.1 Corneal curvature -- 6.2 Biometric formulas -- 6.2.1 First generation formulas -- 6.2.2 Second generation formulas -- 6.2.3 Third generation formulas -- 6.2.4 Fourth generation formulas -- 6.2.5 Fifth generation formulas -- 6.3 Comparison among the formulas -- 6.3.1 Establishing universal definitions -- 6.3.2 Limitations of the formulas -- 6.4 Artificial intelligence -- 6.4.1 Definition of artificial intelligence -- 6.4.2 The use of artificial intelligence in calculating IOL refractive power -- 6.4.3 Advantages of using AI -- 6.4.4 Limitations of AI -- 6.4.5 The future of AI -- 6.5 Astigmatism -- 6.5.1 Measuring astigmatism -- 6.5.2 Magnitude and axis -- 6.5.3 Surgically induced astigmatism -- 6.5.4 Incorporating astigmatism when calculating IOLs -- 6.5.5 Calculating toricity of the intraocular lens.

6.5.6 Calculating toricity in patients with a history of refractive surgery -- 6.6 Assistive methods -- 6.6.1 Marking -- 6.6.2 Overlays -- 6.6.3 Intraoperative aberrometry -- 6.6.4 Light-adjustable lens -- 6.6.5 Refractive index shaping (RIS) -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 7 Aniseikonia -- 7.1 Background -- 7.1.1 Normal stereopsis (binocular depth perception) -- 7.1.2 Stereoscopic distortions of depth due to aniseikonia -- 7.2 Causes of aniseikonia -- 7.2.1 Optically induced aniseikonia -- 7.2.2 Retinally induced aniseikonia -- 7.2.3 Higher order neural image processing -- 7.3 Subjective evaluation of aniseikonia -- 7.3.1 Stereoscopic assessment of aniseikonia -- 7.3.2 Direct comparison techniques -- 7.4 Optical principles of aniseikonia and treatment -- 7.4.1 Spectacle magnification -- 7.4.2 Prismatic effects due to correction of anisometropia -- 7.4.3 Prediction of aniseikonia based on measurement of the optical elements of the eye -- 7.4.4 Treatment -- 7.5 Future consideration in aniseikonia -- 7.5.1 Assessment -- 7.5.2 Treatment -- 7.6 Summary -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 8 Intraocular and contact lens manufacturing -- 8.1 Design parameters -- 8.1.1 Materials -- 8.1.2 IOL design -- 8.1.3 Geometric parameters of contact lenses -- 8.1.4 Manufacturing processes -- 8.2 Machining process -- 8.2.1 High-precision machining -- 8.2.2 Polishing and cleaning process -- 8.3 Molding process -- 8.3.1 Mold -- 8.3.2 Molding -- 8.3.3 Main defects -- 8.4 Quality control and packaging -- 8.4.1 Standards and tests -- 8.4.2 Geometrical analysis -- 8.4.3 Optical analysis -- 8.4.4 Microscopic analysis -- 8.4.5 Sterilization process -- 8.4.6 Packaging -- 8.5 Summary -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 9 Optimization deployed to lens design -- 9.1 Basics of optimization -- 9.1.1 Statement of an optimization problem.

9.1.2 Statement of a multiobjective optimization problem -- 9.1.3 Classification of optimization problems -- 9.1.4 Optimization techniques -- 9.2 Optimization of lens design -- 9.2.1 Pre-optimization phase -- 9.2.2 Optimization phase -- 9.2.3 Post-optimization phase -- 9.2.4 Tolerance analysis -- 9.3 Summary -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 10 Design of diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses -- 10.1 Multifocal diffractive lens parameters and design -- 10.2 State-of-the-art of diffractive multifocal IOLs -- 10.3 Diffractive multifocal lens modulated by a mathematical function -- 10.3.1 Diffractive multifocal lens modulated by the modulus of a shifted cosine function -- 10.3.2 Optical design optimization process and solution selection -- 10.3.3 Design parameters and optical performance of selected solution -- 10.4 Summary -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 11 Intraocular lens with sinusoidal patterns: design assisted by a classification algorithm -- 11.1 Lens design -- 11.2 Classification algorithm -- 11.3 Merit functions -- 11.3.1 3D bar chart -- 11.3.2 Image simulations -- 11.3.3 Preclinical visual acuity-defocus curve -- 11.4 Summary -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 12 Eye-Fi and electronically equipped lenses -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Smart contact lenses -- 12.2.1 Vision correction -- 12.2.2 Biomedical diagnosis -- 12.2.3 Augmented reality -- 12.3 Current developments in smart contact lenses -- 12.3.1 Thin-film technology and hybrid integration -- 12.3.2 Power transfer through radio frequency (RF) -- 12.3.3 Artificial iris with liquid crystals -- 12.4 Eye-Fi: smart intraocular lens -- 12.4.1 The potential in healthcare -- 12.4.2 The Eye-Fi concept -- 12.4.3 Preliminary Eye-Fi developments -- 12.5 Summary -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 13 Mechanically adjustable lenses.

13.1 Adjustable lenses for vision -- 13.2 A glimpse of accommodative IOL technologies -- 13.2.1 Single-optic AIOLs -- 13.2.2 Dual-optic AIOLs -- 13.2.3 Deformable and electronic lenses -- 13.3 Dual-optic design and accommodation amplitude -- 13.4 Dual-optic MEMS IOL -- 13.4.1 Electroactive polymers (EAPs) -- 13.4.2 Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) -- 13.4.3 Shape memory alloys (SMAs) -- 13.4.4 Design of the dual-optic MEMS structure -- 13.4.5 Fabrication of the dual-optic MEMS structure -- 13.4.6 Results and future challenges of the dual-optic MEMS structure -- 13.5 Summary -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 14 Intraocular optical spectroscopy: a proposal for Alzheimer's disease early diagnosis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Fundamental aspects of retinal spectroscopy -- 14.2.1 Light-matter interaction and Raman spectroscopy -- 14.2.2 Raman spectroscopy application in biomedicine -- 14.2.3 General aspects of intraocular spectroscopy -- 14.3 Technical aspects of retinal spectroscopy -- 14.3.1 Instrumentation for intraocular spectroscopy -- 14.3.2 Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease -- 14.3.3 Raman spectra of amyloid plaques -- 14.3.4 Proof of concept for intraocular spectroscopy -- 14.4 The intraocular spectroscopy as a platform -- 14.4.1 Cornea, lens, anterior chamber, and vitreous body -- 14.4.2 Retinal and neurodegenerative diseases -- 14.5 Summary and perspectives -- Chapter highlights -- References -- Chapter 15 Predicting cataracts through automatic image analysis and classification -- 15.1 An introduction to cataracts-eye-lens physiology and opacification -- 15.2 Cataract detection clinical review -- 15.3 Digital medical image and processing -- 15.3.1 Introduction to medical imaging and processing -- 15.3.2 Digital image -- 15.3.3 Histogram -- 15.3.4 Dynamic range -- 15.3.5 Signal-to-noise ratio -- 15.3.6 Histogram stretch.

15.3.7 General pipeline of image processing.