Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Editor biography -- Dr Jamballi G Manjunatha -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 An overview of voltammetric techniques to the present era -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Voltammetry -- 1.1.2 General theory -- 1.1.3 Voltammetric techniques and applications -- 1.2 Voltammetric techniques -- 1.2.1 Sweep voltammetric techniques -- 1.2.2 Polarography-like methods -- 1.2.3 Additional methods -- 1.3 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Development of electrochemical sensors for toxic metal detection -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Carbon-based electrode materials for the electrochemical sensing of toxic metals -- 2.2.1 Graphite electrodes -- 2.2.2 Carbon paste electrodes -- 2.2.3 Glassy carbon electrodes -- 2.2.4 Screen printed carbon electrodes -- 2.3 Carbon composite materials for the electrochemical sensing of toxic metals -- 2.3.1 Graphene and its derivatives -- 2.3.2 Carbon nanotubes -- 2.3.3 Carbon nanofibers -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Voltammetric sensors for environmental monitoring -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Monitoring the environment contaminants by voltammetric sensors constructed by carbon-based nanocomposites -- 3.2.1 Voltammetric sensors constructed by graphene-anchored composites -- 3.2.2 Voltammetric sensors constructed by carbon nanotubes composites -- 3.2.3 Voltammetric sensors constructed by g-C3N4 composites -- 3.2.4 Voltammetric sensors constructed by C6 composites -- 3.2.5 Voltammetric sensors constructed by hollow sphere and porous carbon composites -- 3.3 Conclusion and perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4 Graphene-based sensing devices for soil moisture analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Classification of nanoparticles -- 4.3 Synthesis techniques of nanoparticles -- 4.4 Carbon nanoparticles and their derivatives -- 4.5 Synthesis of graphene using Hummers' method.

4.6 Properties and characterization techniques of graphene -- 4.7 Soil moisture sensors types -- 4.8 Deliberate qualities of soil moisture sensor and review of graphene-based soil moisture sensors -- 4.9 Soil moisture mechanism for graphene-based soil moisture sensors -- 4.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Carbon composite material as a sensor for pharmaceutical sample analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fabrication of carbon composite sensor for electrochemical drug analysis -- 5.2.1 Electrochemical deposition -- 5.2.2 Drop-casting preparation -- 5.2.3 Dip-coating preparation -- 5.3 Application of carbon composite material as a sensor for pharmaceutical sample analysis -- 5.3.1 Selected applications of carbon composite with GCE -- 5.3.2 Selected applications of carbon composite with CPE -- 5.3.3 Selected applications of carbon composite with SPCE -- 5.3.4 Selected applications of carbon composite with graphite and PGE -- 5.3.5 Selected applications carbon composite-based on other electrodes -- 5.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Recent innovations in voltammetric techniques -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Linear sweep voltammetry -- 6.3 Cyclic voltammetry -- 6.4 Differential pulse voltammetry -- 6.5 Square wave voltammetry -- 6.6 Stripping voltammetry -- 6.7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Carbon-based electrodes for forensic sample analysis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Electrode material -- 7.2.1 Carbon and graphite -- 7.2.2 Graphite structure -- 7.3 Sorption based artificially changed terminals -- 7.3.1 Physisorption technique -- 7.3.2 Chemisorption technique -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Carbon composite voltammetric sensors for food quality assessment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of carbon nanomaterials -- 8.2.1 Carbon nanotubes.

8.2.2 Graphene and related compounds -- 8.2.3 Carbon dots -- 8.2.4 Ordered mesoporous carbon -- 8.2.5 Boron-Doped Diamond -- 8.3 Conclusions -- Conflicts of interest -- References -- Chapter 9 Recent advances in electrochemical monitoring of epinephrine using carbon-based (bio)sensor devices for clinical applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Epinephrine: a brief history -- 9.3 Epinephrine as a biomarker and its clinical uses -- 9.4 Analytical methods employed in the quantification of epinephrine -- 9.5 Voltammetric techniques -- 9.5.1 Working electrodes based on carbon materials -- 9.5.2 Electrochemical biosensors based in polyphenol oxidases -- 9.6 Recent voltammetric platforms developed for epinephrine determination -- 9.7 Electrochemical mechanism of epinephrine oxidation -- 9.8 Recent progress in microelectrodes for in vivo electrochemical sensing of epinephrine -- 9.9 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Electrochemical detection of amoxicillin as an antibiotic drug by using surface modified carbon based sensors -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Experimental section -- 10.2.1 Reagents and solutions -- 10.2.2 Instrumentation -- 10.2.3 Fabrication of working sensor -- 10.3 Results and interpretations -- 10.3.1 Electropolymerization of the AP at the surface of the bare electrode -- 10.3.2 Morphological studies of the prepared electrodes -- 10.3.3 Electrochemical characterization of the modified and unmodified electrode -- 10.3.4 Impedance study -- 10.3.5 Voltammetric sensing of AMX at the bare and modified electrode -- 10.3.6 Influence of supporting electrolyte pH -- 10.3.7 Effect of the potential sweep rate -- 10.3.8 Analytical curve and detection limit -- 10.3.9 Stability, reproducibility, repeatability -- 10.3.10 Selectivity of the modified electrode.

10.3.11 Interference study with some metal ions and the organic compounds -- 10.3.12 Analytical applications -- 10.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 Chemically modified carbon electrodes for metal ions and organic molecule sensing applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Different types of electrodes in the modification process -- 11.2.1 Metal electrodes -- 11.2.2 Electrodes from glassy carbon -- 11.2.3 Electrodes from carbon paste -- 11.2.4 Pyrolytic graphite electrodes -- 11.3 Modification of electrodes with chemical techniques -- 11.3.1 Chemical modification -- 11.3.2 Electrochemical modification -- References -- Chapter 12 Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterial using Langmuir-Blodgett and layer-by-layer thin films for chemical and biological analyses -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Electrochemical sensing based on carbon nanomaterials: electrode coating by Langmuir-Blodgett and layer-by-layer techniques -- 12.2.1 Electrochemical sensor modified by layer-by-layer technique -- 12.2.2 Electrochemical sensor modified by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique -- 12.3 Future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13 Development of electrochemical sensors for the analysis of herbicides -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Electrochemical methods in herbicide detection -- 13.2 Conclusion -- Some ambiguous contractions -- References -- Chapter 14 Application of electrochemical sensor for insulin detection -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Carbon-based electrochemical determination of insulin -- 14.2.1 Carbon-based electrodes -- 14.2.2 Carbon-based electrode modifiers -- 14.3 Commonly employed electrochemical sensing methodologies -- 14.3.1 Non-biorecognition element based electrochemical sensors -- 14.3.2 Biorecognition element based electrochemical sensors -- 14.3.3 Carbon-based MIP sensors for insulin.

14.4 Conclusion and future aspects -- References -- Chapter 15 Carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Biosensors based on graphenes -- 15.2.1 Glucose sensing -- 15.2.2 Cholesterol sensing -- 15.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide sensing -- 15.2.4 Biosensing of neurotransmitters -- 15.3 Carbon nanotubes as electrochemical biosensors -- 15.3.1 Enzymatic biosensing -- 15.3.2 Biosensing of dopamine -- 15.3.3 Non-enzymatic glucose sensing -- 15.3.4 Nucleic acid sensing -- 15.3.5 Detection of cancer biomarkers -- 15.4 Carbon dots as biosensors -- 15.4.1 Cancer diagnosis -- 15.4.2 Diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases -- 15.4.3 Detection of pathogens and infectious diseases -- 15.4.4 Non-enzymatic biosensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose -- 15.4.5 Electrochemical detection of dopamine -- 15.4.6 Detection of other organic molecules -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16 Fabrication of disposable sensors to test for environmental pollutants -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Basic characteristics of a biosensor -- 16.3 Electrochemical biosensors and working principle -- 16.4 Electrodes in electrochemical biosensors and fabrication of screen-printed electrodes -- 16.5 Integration of mediators, pre-anodized screen-printed carbon electrodes -- 16.6 Pre-anodized screen-printed carbon electrodes -- 16.7 Applications -- 16.8 Disposable electrodes in the detection of biomolecules -- 16.9 Screen-printed electrodes in the detection of food contaminants -- 16.10 Importance of disposable electrodes in pesticide detection -- 16.11 Environmental sample analysis (determination of pH and dissolved oxygen level in water, estimation of ions in water samples, organic compounds, heavy metal detection) -- 16.12 Determination of pH and dissolved oxygen levels in water.

16.13 Estimation of ions in water samples.