Intro -- Introduction -- Editor biography -- Klaus-Jürgen Röhlig -- List of abbreviations/acronyms -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 Radioactivity -- 1.1 Primordial, radiogenic, and cosmogenic radioactivity and ionizing radiation -- 1.2 A very brief introduction to dosimetry -- 1.3 Dose due to natural radioactivity -- 1.4 Radiation protection -- 1.4.1 Exposure situations -- 1.4.2 Principles of radiation protection and dose limits -- 1.5 Radiation protection aspects of nuclear waste disposal -- 1.5.1 Dose limits -- 1.5.2 The long-term assessment of a geological disposal facility -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Nuclear fuel from cradle to grave: existing variants and future options for the fuel cycle and resulting waste types -- 2.1 The concept of life-cycle analysis and sustainability metrics as applied to nuclear energy -- 2.2 Features of specific interest, such as proven fuel reserves and fuel cycle options -- 2.3 Fuel cycle options and their impact on radwaste issues -- 2.4 Ways to relax the requirements for radwaste management and required reactor technologies -- 2.4.1 Higher burnup -- 2.4.2 Reduction of husbandry times by the partitioning and transmutation of minor actinides -- 2.4.3 Avoidance of long-lived actinides by the use of thorium (instead of uranium) fuel -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Other waste origins (industry, medicine, research): sources and resulting waste types -- 3.1 Radioactive waste types -- 3.2 Radioactive materials with natural radionuclides -- 3.3 Radioactive waste from medical applications -- 3.4 Radioactive waste from research activities -- 3.5 Radioactive waste from industrial uses of radioactive materials -- 3.6 Radioisotope production -- 3.7 Disused sealed radioactive sources -- 3.8 Radioactive waste arising from radiation accidents -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Waste management policy and strategy.

4.1 Policies and strategies: what should they contain? -- 4.2 Technical elements of a strategy and decisions -- 4.2.1 Objectives of strategies and technical elements with which to address them -- 4.2.2 Decisions with impacts on waste arisings -- 4.2.3 Strategic decisions concerning pre-disposal and disposal -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Waste conditioning and wasteforms -- 5.1 Conditioning -- 5.2 Wasteforms -- 5.3 Wasteform (matrix) materials -- 5.4 Waste packages -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6 Storage and transport -- 6.1 Storage of radioactive waste -- 6.1.1 Used nuclear fuel and its storage -- 6.1.2 Wet storage -- 6.1.3 Dry storage -- 6.1.4 Comparison of wet and dry storage -- 6.1.5 Long-term storage -- 6.2 Transport of radioactive material -- 6.2.1 Statutory basis of the transport of radioactive substances -- 6.2.2 Classification and labelling -- 6.2.3 Securing transports -- 6.3 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 Disposal and other conceivable strategy 'endpoints' for different types of waste -- 7.1 Various ideas proposed for endpoints -- 7.2 Considerations of control, flexibility, retrievability, and passive safety -- 7.3 Technical solutions for disposal-the graded approach -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8 Geologic ('deep') disposal of high-level and other long-lived waste: host rocks, concepts, current international status -- 8.1 Geologic ('deep') disposal: basic objectives and requirements -- 8.2 What constitutes favourable geologic conditions? -- 8.3 Safety concepts and repository layouts for different host rocks -- 8.3.1 Disposal in crystalline rock: examples from Sweden and Finland (the KBS-3 concept) -- 8.3.2 Disposal in indurated clay: an example from France -- 8.3.3 Disposal in rock salt: an example from Germany -- 8.3.4 Summary and overview -- 8.4 Deep geologic disposal of HLW and SNF: current international status -- Bibliography.

Chapter 9 Decision-making in the presence of uncertainty: the safety case as a tool supporting the development of a deep geologic repository -- 9.1 Safety-related statements, assessments, and reviews that support decisions in a stepwise repository programme -- 9.2 Safety case: evolution and elements-status and perspectives -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10 Legal and regulatory issues -- 10.1 The International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA -- 10.2 The Western European Nuclear Regulators' Association, WENRA -- 10.3 The 'Waste Directive' of the European Union -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11 Perspectives on risk and risk perception -- 11.1 Safety, risk, and uncertainty -- 11.2 'Creeping danger' and 'imminent threat' -- 11.3 Controversies about risk and uncertainty -- 11.4 How individual persons perceive risk -- 11.5 Risk perception, trust, and international divergence -- 11.6 Dealing with different risk perceptions in practice -- 11.7 Shaping the 'risk profile' in dialogue -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12 The politization and politics of nuclear waste: a socio-technical history -- 12.1 Introduction11I am grateful to Klaus-Jürgen Röhlig, Armin Grunwald, Jan-Henrik Meyer, and Jochen Ahlswede for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this chapter. -- 12.2 Nuclear history: attempts to map highly complex and interconnected fields -- 12.3 Nuclear history and nuclear waste: the slow emergence of a linchpin topic -- 12.4 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13 Role of stakeholder involvement in the implementation of radioactive waste management projects -- 13.1 Evolution of understanding -- 13.2 Factors that build and maintain confidence -- 13.3 Viewing a radioactive waste management project through the stakeholder lens: addressing stakeholder concerns and capacity building -- 13.4 Case studies -- 13.4.1 Canada.

13.4.2 Sweden (based on NEA 2021a, see also part II, chapter 15) -- 13.4.3 Switzerland (see also part II, chapter 15) -- 13.5 Recent developments -- 13.5.1 Added value -- 13.5.2 Youth involvement and sustainable intergenerational decision-making -- 13.5.3 Influence of the pandemic on stakeholder involvement -- 13.5.4 Knowledge management and transfer -- 13.6 Outlook -- 13.6.1 The role of social media -- 13.6.2 Stakeholder involvement after site selection -- Bibliography -- Chapter 14 Ethical aspects of high-level nuclear waste management -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The promise and fear of the nuclear age -- 14.3 Practical philosophy and ethical theories -- 14.4 Structural complexities -- 14.5 Accessibility and reversibility -- 14.6 Safety -- 14.7 Justice as fairness -- 14.8 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 15 Geology, engineering, and society: repository siting as a socio-technical problem -- Bibliography -- Chapter 16 The German case for dealing with high-level radioactive waste: taking a socio-technical approach to address a socio-technical problem-chances and risks -- 16.1 The burden of history -- 16.2 A window of opportunity for a relaunch -- 16.3 The siting process -- 16.3.1 The institutional configuration of the selection process -- 16.3.2 Stages, phases, and steps of the process -- 16.3.3 Safety criteria -- 16.3.4 The national citizens' oversight committee -- 16.4 Current status, next steps, and challenges -- Bibliography.