Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Argentina -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 3 Australia -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 2.1 Amalgamations -- 2.2 Metropolitan Regions -- 2.3 Indigenous Communities -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 7.1 Organised Local Government -- 7.2 Local-State Relations -- 7.3 Local-Federal Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 4 Austria -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 5 Brazil -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations.

8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 6 Canada -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 2.1 Metropolitan Governance -- 2.2 Special-Purpose Bodies and Unincorporated Areas -- 2.3 Indigenous Governance -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 5.1 Property Taxes -- 5.2 Federal Transfers -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 6.1 Municipal Borrowing -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 7 Ethiopia -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 4.1 Functions and Powers of Woredas -- 4.2 Functions and Powers of Cities -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 5.1 The Revenue-Raising and Expenditure Autonomy of Woredas -- 5.2 The Revenue-Raising Powers of the Cities -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 6.1 State Supervision Over Local Government -- 6.2 Federal Supervision of Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 7.1 Local-Federal Relations -- 7.2 Local-State Relations -- 7.3 Local-to-Local Interactions -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 8 Germany -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance.

9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 9 India -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 2.1 Urban Local Bodies -- 2.2 Governance of Metropolitan Areas -- 2.3 Parastatal Authorities -- 2.4 National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD) -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 3.1 Constitution Amendment Act 73, 1992 -- 3.2 Constitution Amendment Act 74, 1992 -- 3.3 Panchayats: Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 1996 -- 3.4 Devolution of Powers -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 4.1 Governance Role of Rural Local Bodies or Panchayats -- 4.2 Governance Role of Urban Local Bodies -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 10 Italy -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 2.1 The Long Tradition of Municipalities -- 2.2 The Empowerment of Local Government Since the 1990s -- 2.3 The Many and Complex Types of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 4.1 Municipalities -- 4.2 Provinces -- 4.3 Metropolitan Cities -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 11 Mexico -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations.

8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 12 Nepal -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 13 Nigeria -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 14 South Africa -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 4.1 Governance Institutions -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 15 Spain -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Governments -- 4 Governance Role of Local Governments -- 4.1 Municipalities -- 4.2 Provinces -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government.

10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 16 Switzerland -- 1 Country Overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 4.1 Tasks and Functions of Local Government -- 4.2 Structure of Local Government -- 4.3 Local Political Systems -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 17 United States of America -- 1 Country overview -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 4 Governance Role of Local Government -- 5 Financing Local Government -- 5.1 Public Education and Fiscal Federalism: A Key Case -- 5.2 Borrowing by Local Governments -- 5.3 Property Tax Relief and Tax-Parity Issues -- 5.4 Local Government and Federal Government -- 6 Supervising Local Government -- 7 Intergovernmental Relations -- 7.1 City Power-Or State Dominance -- 7.2 The Special Case Of Washington, DC -- 8 Political Culture of Local Governance -- 9 Covid-19's Impact on the Role of Local Government -- 10 Emerging Issues and Trends -- 18 Comparative Conclusions -- 1 Country Overviews -- 2 History, Structures, and Institutions of Local Government -- 2.1 History -- 2.2 Local Government Institutions -- 2.2.1 Basic Multipurpose Municipality -- 2.2.2 Two-Tier Structures -- 2.2.3 Single-Purpose Municipal Governments -- 2.2.4 Indigenous Local Government Institutions -- 2.3 Multiplicity and Consolidation of Local Government Institutions -- 2.4 Governance of Metropolitan Regions -- 2.5 Federal Capital Cities -- 3 Constitutional Recognition of Local Government -- 3.1 Forms of Constitutional Recognition.

3.2 Subnational Constitutional Recognition.