Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Editors and contributors -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 The rationale for this Guidance -- 1.1.2 The context to this Guidance -- 1.1.3 What you will find in this book -- 1.1.4 Key messages -- 1.2 Background: Health EDRM and research -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 WHO Health EDRM Framework -- 1.2.3 The Health ERDM Framework: Vision and Expected Outcome -- 1.2.4 The WHO Thematic Platform for Health EDRM Research Network -- 1.2.5 WHO and research -- 1.2.6 The role of research in Health EDRM -- 1.2.7 References -- 1.3 Historical developments in Health EDRM policy and research: the case study of Japan -- 1.3.1 Learning objectives -- 1.3.2 Introduction -- 1.3.3 Large-scale disasters prompt policy changes to address health needs -- 1.3.4 The National Disaster Medical System -- 1.3.5 Conclusions -- 1.3.6 Key messages -- 1.3.7 Further reading -- 1.3.8 References -- 2. Identifying and understanding the problem -- 2.1 Using epidemiological principles to assess impacts of emergencies and disasters -- 2.1.1 Learning objectives -- 2.1.2 Introduction -- 2.1.3 Rapid needs assessments -- 2.1.4 Health and health facility surveillance -- 2.1.5 Outbreak investigations and other incident reports -- 2.1.6 Databases holding disaster data -- 2.1.7 Value of disaster epidemiology for research -- 2.1.8 Conclusions -- 2.1.9 Key messages -- 2.1.10 Further reading and resources -- 2.1.11 References -- 2.2 Measuring the health impacts of disasters -- 2.2.1 Learning objectives -- 2.2.2 Introduction -- 2.2.3 SPEED in the Philippines -- 2.2.4 Obstacles to implementation of SPEED during Typhoon Haiyan -- 2.2.5 Conclusions -- 2.2.6 Key messages -- 2.2.7 Further reading -- 2.2.8 References -- 2.3 Disease burden: generating evidence, guiding policy -- 2.3.1 Learning objectives.

2.3.2 Introduction -- 2.3.3 Quantifying the burden of disease from mortality and disability -- 2.3.4 Use of DALYs in Health EDRM -- 2.3.5 GBD 2017 reporting: a snapshot -- 2.3.6 Conclusions -- 2.3.7 Key messages -- 2.3.8 Further reading -- 2.3.9 References -- 2.4 Databases and registers as tools for disaster epidemiology -- 2.4.1 Learning objectives -- 2.4.2 Introduction -- 2.4.3 Ongoing population-based databases and registers -- 2.4.4 Pre-existing sub-population databases and registers -- 2.4.5 Post-disaster databases and registers -- 2.4.6 Conclusions -- 2.4.7 Key messages -- 2.4.8 Further reading -- 2.4.9 References -- 2.5 Identifying and engaging high-risk groups in disaster research -- 2.5.1 Learning objectives -- 2.5.2 Introduction -- 2.5.3 High-risk populations -- 2.5.4 Age and developmental stage -- 2.5.5 Gender and sexual identities -- 2.5.6 Pre-existing chronic conditions -- 2.5.7 Persons with disabilities -- 2.5.8 Other marginalized groups in the community -- 2.5.9 Barriers and strategies in conducting research with high-risk groups -- 2.5.10 Data collection -- 2.5.11 Ethics Approvals and Considerations -- 2.5.12 Conclusions -- 2.5.13 Key messages -- 2.5.14 Further reading -- 2.5.15 References -- 2.6 The current state of the evidence: Mapping the evidence and systematic reviews -- 2.6.1 Learning objectives -- 2.6.2 Introduction -- 2.6.3 Research Rationale -- 2.6.4 What are systematic reviews? -- 2.6.5 Statistical meta-analysis -- 2.6.6 Narrative systematic reviews -- 2.6.7 Qualitative Synthesis -- 2.6.8 Health elements: the current state of evidence -- 2.6.9 Barriers -- 2.6.10 The future of systematic reviews for Health EDRM -- 2.6.11 Conclusions -- 2.6.12 Key messages -- 2.6.13 Further reading -- 2.6.13 References -- 2.7 Prioritization of research -- 2.7.1 Learning objectives -- 2.7.2 Introduction.

2.7.3 Step 1: Preparing for a research prioritization exercise -- 2.7.4 Step 2: Shaping a priority setting exercise -- 2.7.5 Step 3: After the priority setting exercise -- 2.7.6 Conclusions -- 2.7.7 Key messages -- 2.7.8 Further reading -- 2.7.9 References -- 3. Determining the scope of your study -- 3.1 Asset mapping to consider outcome measurement and stakeholder engagement -- 3.1.1 Learning objectives -- 3.1.2 Introduction -- 3.1.3 Outcome Measurement -- 3.1.4 Asset Mapping -- 3.1.5 Asset Literacy -- 3.1.6 Stakeholder Engagement -- 3.1.7 Applying an Asset Lens to Outcome Measurement -- 3.1.8 Conclusions -- 3.1.9 Key messages -- 3.1.10 Further reading -- 3.1.11 References -- 3.2 Disaster risk factors - hazards, exposure and vulnerability -- 3.2.1 Learning objectives -- 3.2.2 Introduction -- 3.2.3 Hazards -- 3.2.4 Exposure -- 3.2.5 Vulnerability -- 3.2.6 Determining and measuring risk factors -- 3.2.7 Conclusions -- 3.2.8 Key messages -- 3.2.9 Further reading -- 3.2.10 References -- 3.3 Designing a research intervention for Health EDRM -- 3.3.1 Learning objectives -- 3.3.2 Introduction -- 3.3.3 Needs and resources assessment -- 3.3.4 Understanding theory and approach -- 3.3.5 The health belief model -- 3.3.6 Theories of reasoned action -- 3.3.7 Stage theories: The transtheoretical or stages of change model -- 3.3.8 Social cognitive theory -- 3.3.9 The setting approach -- 3.3.10 Techniques employed in intervention designs -- 3.3.11 Conclusions -- 3.3.12 Key messages -- 3.3.13 Further reading -- 3.3.14 References -- 3.4 Ethics in Research -- 3.4.1 Learning objectives -- 3.4.2 Introduction -- 3.4.3 Limitations of normative ethical guidance -- 3.4.4 Value, feasibility and validity -- 3.4.5 Participant selection and exclusion -- 3.4.6 Informed consent -- 3.4.7 Harm-benefit -- 3.4.8 Participant protection -- 3.4.9 Community engagement.

3.4.10 Stakeholder roles and responsibilities -- 3.4.11 Conclusions -- 3.4.12 Key messages -- 3.4.13 Further reading -- 3.4.14 References -- 3.5 Determining the research question -- 3.5.1 Learning objectives -- 3.5.2 Introduction -- 3.5.3 Deciding on the broad topic -- 3.5.4 Defining the research question -- 3.5.5 Avoiding research waste -- 3.5.6 Is the research a priority? -- 3.5.7 Choosing the right outcomes to measure -- 3.5.8 Being research ready -- 3.5.9 Conclusions -- 3.5.10 Key messages -- 3.5.11 Further reading -- 3.5.12 References -- 3.6 Assessing the problems and developing a scoping review -- 3.6.1 Learning objectives -- 3.6.2 Introduction -- 3.6.3 Methods -- 3.6.4 Identifying the Research Question -- 3.6.5 Identifying Relevant Studies -- 3.6.6 Study Selection -- 3.6.7 Charting the Data -- 3.6.8 Collating, Summarizing and Reporting the Results -- 3.6.9 Consultation Exercise -- 3.6.10 Conclusions -- 3.6.11 Key messages -- 3.6.12 Further reading -- 3.6.13 References -- 3.7 Research resources to support policy and new research -- 3.7.1 Learning objectives -- 3.7.2 Introduction -- 3.7.3 Challenges faced by policy makers looking for research evidence -- 3.7.4 The evidence base for interventions in health emergency and disaster settings -- 3.7.5 Repositories of research evidence and systematic reviews -- 3.7.6 Conclusions -- 3.7.7 Key messages -- 3.7.8 Further reading -- 3.7.9 References -- 4. Study design -- 4.1 Basic principles in designing studies to assess the effects of interventions -- 4.1.1 Learning objectives -- 4.1.2 Introduction -- 4.1.3 Why do we use randomized trials? -- 4.1.4 Planning the trial: eligibility criteria -- 4.1.5 Participant selection and informed consent -- 4.1.6 Randomizing participants -- 4.1.7 Blinding or masking -- 4.1.8 Avoiding publication bias: registering and reporting a study.

4.1.9 Other types of prospective, comparative study -- 4.1.10 Conclusions -- 4.1.11 Key messages -- 4.1.12 Further reading -- 4.1.13 References -- 4.2 Measuring the problem: Basic statistics -- 4.2.1 Learning objectives -- 4.2.2 Introduction -- 4.2.3 Types of quantitative data -- 4.2.4 Types of statistical analysis -- 4.2.5 Descriptive statistics -- 4.2.6 Inferential statistics -- 4.2.7 Rapid needs assessments -- 4.2.8 Epidemiologic Measures -- 4.2.9 Demographic indices -- 4.2.10 Epidemiological Studies -- 4.2.11 Descriptive studies -- 4.2.12 Analytical studies -- 4.2.13 Sampling Methods -- 4.2.14 Sample size calculation -- 4.2.15 Conclusions -- 4.2.16 Key messages -- 4.2.17 Further reading -- 4.2.18 References -- 4.3 Cluster Randomized Trials -- 4.3.1 Learning objectives -- 4.3.2 Introduction -- 4.3.3 Design of cluster randomized trials -- 4.3.4 Advantages of cluster randomized trials -- 4.3.5 Disadvantages of cluster randomized trials -- 4.3.6 When to use a cluster randomized trial design -- 4.3.7 Informed consent in cluster randomized trials -- 4.3.8 Special design and analysis considerations -- 4.3.9 Conclusions -- 4.3.10 Key messages -- 4.3.11 Further reading -- 4.3.12 References -- 4.4 Collection and management of good quality data -- 4.4.1 Learning objectives -- 4.4.2 Introduction -- 4.4.3 Preparation -- 4.4.4 Data collection methods -- 4.4.5 Primary data -- 4.4.6 Secondary data -- 4.4.7 Dealing with challenges in disaster data collection -- 4.4.8 Different approaches in data collection -- 4.4.9 Data storage and data sharing -- 4.4.10 Conclusions -- 4.4.11 Key messages -- 4.4.12 Further reading -- 4.4.13 References -- 4.5 Advanced statistical techniques -- 4.5.1 Learning objectives -- 4.5.2 Introduction -- 4.5.3 Double difference estimates -- 4.5.4 Propensity score matching.

4.5.5 Regression Discontinuity Design and Interrupted Time Series.