Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: why is advanced HIV disease care important? -- Target audience and scope -- Initial management and HIV testing -- CD4 cell count and viral load test monitoring -- Disease-specific tests for opportunistic infections -- Other opportunistic infections -- Severe bacterial infections -- Cryptococcal disease -- TB (pulmonary, extrapulmonary or disseminated) -- Radiology and imaging -- Other laboratory diagnostic tests (not specific to one disease) -- Non-infectious HIV-related conditions -- Other HIV-associated malignancies -- HIV and mpox -- HIV and COVID-19 -- Kaposi's sarcoma -- Managing ART among people who are seriously ill -- Individuals not receiving ART (ART naive or interrupted treatment) -- Individuals currently taking ART -- Managing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and suspected ART drug reactions -- Prophylaxis and pre-emptive treatment -- Symptom management and palliative care -- Implementation, quality of care and linkage between health system levels -- After hospital discharge -- Conclusions -- References.