Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Editor biographies -- Raju Khan -- Shalu Yadav -- Mohd Abubakar Sadique -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 Fundamentals of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in diagnostics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The fundamental principle behind Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) -- 1.2.1 Quantum theory of the Raman effect -- 1.2.2 Stoke's shift -- 1.2.3 Efficacy of SERS compared to conventional Raman spectroscopy -- 1.3 Label-free Raman and SERS improving spectral analysis -- 1.4 Rapid, sensitive, and analyte-dependent diagnosis using SERS affinity agents and nanotags -- 1.5 SERS enables sample processing in the field of microfluidics and bioprinting -- 1.6 Applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) in diagnostics -- 1.6.1 Biomolecular sensing -- 1.6.2 Point-of-care diagnostics -- 1.6.3 Bioprinting -- 1.6.4 Single-molecule detection -- 1.6.5 Tissue imaging and detection -- 1.6.6 SERS biosensors -- 1.6.7 SERS use in the treatment of diseases -- 1.7 Conclusion and future outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Overview of infectious diseases and its diagnostic techniques -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Infectious diseases -- 2.2.1 COVID-19 -- 2.2.2 Ebola -- 2.2.3 Influenza -- 2.2.4 Measles -- 2.2.5 Poliomyelitis -- 2.2.6 Rabies -- 2.2.7 Mumps -- 2.3 Diagnostic techniques -- 2.3.1 Traditional methods -- 2.3.2 Biochemical methods -- 2.3.3 Advanced biotechnological methods -- 2.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Historical review of SERS in biomedical applications: infectious diseases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The discovery of the Raman effect and its applications -- 3.2.1 The Raman effect -- 3.2.2 Applications of Raman spectrometry -- 3.2.3 Disadvantages of Raman spectrometry -- 3.3 The development of the SERS techniques.

3.3.1 SERS-based on different nanoscale materials -- 3.3.2 Computational analysis of SERS spectra -- 3.4 SERS in microbial identification -- 3.4.1 Viruses -- 3.4.2 Bacteria -- 3.4.3 Fungi -- 3.5 Limitations and challenges -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Conflict of interest -- Authorship contributions -- Funding statement -- References -- Chapter 4 Use of nanotechnology in SERS-based diagnostics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Construction of SERS-based biosensors -- 4.3 Biological and biomedical applications of SERS-based biosensors -- 4.3.1 Protein detection -- 4.3.2 Nucleic acid detection -- 4.3.3 Biological environment monitoring -- 4.4 Recent applications of SERS-based diagnostics for infectious diseases -- 4.5 Challenges of SERS-based diagnostics -- 4.6 The merits of nanotechnology to improve the performance of detection -- 4.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Significance, design, and synthesis methods of SERS tags/probes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Components of SERS tags -- 5.2.1 The nanoparticle/plasmonic nanoparticle cores -- 5.2.2 Raman reporters -- 5.2.3 The coating layer -- 5.2.4 Attachment of targeting molecules -- 5.3 Application of SERS tags -- 5.3.1 Biomarker detection -- 5.3.2 In vitro imaging -- 5.3.3 In vivo imaging -- 5.3.4 Multimodal imaging -- 5.4 Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 SERS integrated detection techniques for clinical samples: overcoming challenges -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 SERS integrated detection techniques -- 6.2.1 SERS integrated lateral flow immunoassay -- 6.2.2 SERS integrated microfluidic device -- 6.2.3 SERS integrated electrochemical biosensor -- 6.2.4 SERS integrated machine learning device -- 6.2.5 Other SERS integrated devices -- 6.3 Challenges and outlook -- 6.4 Summary -- Conflicts of interest -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Chapter 7 SERS based conventional diagnostics for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of the pandemic -- 7.3 Conventional methods of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis -- 7.4 Drawbacks of conventional diagnostic agents -- 7.5 SERS as a diagnostic agent -- 7.5.1 Principles of SERS -- 7.6 SERS-based diagnostic agents and their implication for infectious diseases -- 7.6.1 SERS detection of influenza A (H1N1) virus -- 7.6.2 SERS detection of H7N9 -- 7.6.3 SERS-based diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 -- 7.6.4 Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) -- 7.6.5 Mass spectrometry diagnostic approaches -- 7.7 Future perspectives and conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 SERS-based lateral flow immunoassay for viral infections -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Traditional diagnostic approaches -- 8.3 LFIA-based detection of viral infections -- 8.4 SERS-based detection of viral infections -- 8.5 SERS-based LFIA for sensitive detection of viral infections -- 8.6 Challenges -- 8.7 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 SERS-based microfluidics for real sample detection -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy -- 9.3 Continuous flow and droplet-based platforms -- 9.4 Colloidal and solid substrates for MF-SERS studies -- 9.5 MF-SERS for sensing applications -- 9.5.1 Biosensing -- 9.5.2 Pathogen detection -- 9.5.3 Pollutants, pesticides, and drugs -- 9.5.4 Heavy metal ions -- 9.6 Conclusions -- 9.7 Challenges and future outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 IoMT-based SERS detection as advanced diagnostics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Spectral pathology for advanced diagnostics -- 10.3 PoC SERS-based strategies for advanced diagnostics -- 10.3.1 Microfluidic SERS-based diagnosis of infections -- 10.3.2 Raman imaging for advanced diagnostics.

10.4 The role of data analysis in advanced diagnostics -- 10.4.1 AI and smartphone-based readout of the spectral signal -- 10.4.2 Robust models for data analysis of SERS spectra -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Optimization of SERS set-ups for high-efficiency and rapid detection of infectious diseases -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fundamentals in the design of SERS substrates -- 11.2.1 Raman spectroscopy -- 11.2.2 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) -- 11.3 Recent progress in the development of high-efficiency SERS based on 2D materials -- 11.3.1 Fascinating 2D atomic materials -- 11.3.2 2D Atomic materials for SERS -- 11.3.3 SERS substrates with both CM and EM enhancement -- 11.3.4 Performance of the 2D materials SERS substrates -- 11.4 Summary and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Future potential of SERS-based advanced diagnosis in real-life conditions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: a brief overview -- 12.3 Biochemical molecule affinity of SERS-active substrates -- 12.4 SERS-based integrated devices: a step towards the future -- 12.5 Conclusions and future outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References.