Introduction : chance in evolution from Darwin to contemporary biology / Grant Ramsey and Charles H. Pence -- Contingency, chance, and randomness in ancient, medieval, and modern biology / David J. Depew -- Chance and chances in Darwin's early theorizing and in Darwinian theory today / Jonathan Hodge -- Chance in the modern synthesis / Anya Plutynski, Kenneth Blake Vernon, Lucas John Matthews, and Daniel Molter -- Is it providential, by chance? : Christian objections to the role of chance in Darwinian evolution / J. Matthew Ashley -- Does Darwinian evolution mean we are here by chance? / Michael Ruse -- The reference class problem in evolutionary biology : distinguishing selection from drift / Michael Strevens -- Weak randomness at the origin of biological variation : the case of genetic mutations / Francesca Merlin -- Parallel evolution : what does it (not) tell us and why is it (still) interesting? / Thomas Lenormand, Luis-Miguel Chevin, and Thomas Battaillon -- Contingent evolution : not by chance alone / Eric Desjardins -- History's windings in a flask : microbial experiments into evolutionary contingency / Zachary D. Blount -- Rolling the dice twice : evolving reconstructed ancient proteins in extant organisms / Betul Kacar -- Wonderful life revisited : chance and contingency in the Ediacaran-Cambrian radiation / Douglas H. Erwin.