Introduction -- Boreal land bridges. Bering land bridge ; Beringia. Background ; West Beringia: Siberia and Kamchatka ; Siberia. Geographic setting and climate ; Geology ; Modern vegetation ; Indigenous people ; Kamchatka. Geographic setting and climate ; Modern vegetation ; Indigenous people ; East Beringia: Alaska, Northwestern North America, and the Aleutian connection. Geographic setting and climate ; Geology ; Modern vegetation ; Indigenous people ; Utilization of the Bering land bridge ; Peopling of America (from the West) ; North Atlantic land bridge: Northeastern North America, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic islands, Northwestern Europe ; Geographic setting and climate ; Geology ; Modern vegetation ; Utilization of the North Atlantic land bridge ; Modernization of the flora ; Biodiversity and vegetation density ; Floristic relationships between Eastern Asia and Eastern North America ; Geofloras and the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis ; Indigenous people ; Peopling of America (from the East) -- Equatorial land bridges. Antillean land bridge. Stepping stones or lost highway ; Geographic setting and climate ; Geology ; Modern vegetation ; Indigenous people ; Utilization of the Antillean land bridge ; Central American land bridge. South and North of the Calb ; Geographic setting and climate ; Forging the final link: geology ; Modern vegetation ; Indigenous people ; Utilization of the Calb -- Austral land bridge. Magellan land bridge: Cono del Sur and Antarctica. Cono del Sur ; Geographic setting and climate ; Geology ; Modern vegetation ; Indigenous people ; Peopling of South America (from the North) -- Antarctica. Geographic setting and climate ; Geology -- Land bridges and island biogeography. Utilization of the Magellan land bridge ; Cono del Sur -- Antarctica -- Case studies. Ferns and allied groups ; Gymnosperms ; Angiosperms ; Monocotyledons ; Dicotyledons -- Summary and conclusions. Events, processes, and responses ; Bering land bridge ; North Atlantic land bridge ; Antillean land bridge ; Central American land bridge ; Magellan land bridge -- Conceptual issues and future needs.