Green Chemistry and Engineering: A Pathway to Sustainability -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUES -- 1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY -- 1.1.1 Fermentation: An Ancient Chemical Process -- 1.1.2 The Advent of Modern Chemistry -- 1.1.3 Chemistry in the 20th Century: The Growth of Modern Processes -- 1.1.4 Risks of Chemicals in the Environment -- 1.1.5 Regulations: Controlling Chemical Processes -- 1.2 TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CHEMISTRY, aka GREEN CHEMISTRY -- 1.2.1 Green Chemistry and Pollution Prevention -- 1.2.2 Sustainability -- 1.3 LAYOUT OF THE BOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 GREEN CHEMISTRY -- 2.2.1 Definition -- 2.2.2 Principles of Green Chemistry and Examples -- 2.2.3 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards -- 2.3 GREEN ENGINEERING -- 2.3.1 Definition -- 2.3.2 Principles of Green Engineering -- 2.4 SUSTAINABILITY -- REFERENCES -- 3 CHEMISTRY AS AN UNDERLYING FORCE IN ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS -- 3.1 NATURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3.1.1 Air and the Atmosphere (Outdoor and Indoor Pollution) -- 3.1.2 Water (Water Pollutants, Issues Associated with Nonpotable Drinking Water) -- 3.1.3 Chemistry of the Land -- 3.1.4 Energy -- 3.2 POLLUTION PREVENTION (P2) -- 3.3 ECOTOXICOLOGY -- 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS -- 3.5 WHAT CAN YOU DO TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE? -- REFERENCES -- 4 MATTER: THE HEART OF GREEN CHEMISTRY -- 4.1 MATTER: DEFINITION, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE PERIODIC TABLE -- 4.1.1 Aluminum (Al) -- 4.1.2 Mercury (Hg) -- 4.1.3 Lead (Pb) -- 4.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE -- 4.3 THREE STATES OF MATTER -- 4.4 MOLECULAR AND IONIC COMPOUNDS -- 4.4.1 Molecular Compounds -- 4.4.2 Ionic Compounds -- 4.5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS -- 4.6 MIXTURES, ACIDS, AND BASES -- REFERENCES -- 5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

5.1 DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND BALANCING OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS -- 5.2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND QUANTITIES OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS -- 5.3 PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS -- 5.3.1 Combination, Synthesis, or Addition Reactions -- 5.3.2 Decomposition Reactions -- 5.3.3 Elimination Reactions -- 5.3.4 Displacement Reactions -- 5.3.5 Exchange or Substitution Reactions -- 5.4 EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: YIELD VERSUS ATOM ECONOMY -- REFERENCE -- 6 KINETICS, CATALYSIS, AND REACTION ENGINEERING -- 6.1 BASIC CONCEPT OF RATE -- 6.1.1 Definition of Reaction Rate -- 6.1.2 Parallel Reactions -- 6.1.3 Consecutive Reactions -- 6.1.4 Chemical Equilibrium -- 6.1.5 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate -- 6.1.6 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate -- 6.2 ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL AND BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS -- 6.2.1 Definition of Catalysts -- 6.2.2 Catalytic Kinetics -- 6.2.3 Types of Catalysts and Impact on Green Chemistry -- 6.2.4 Biocatalysis -- 6.3 REACTION ENGINEERING -- 6.3.1 Batch Reactor -- 6.3.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor -- 6.3.3 Plug Flow Reactor ( PFR) -- 6.3.4 Multiphase Reactor Design -- 6.4 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 7 THERMODYNAMICS, SEPARATIONS, AND EQUILIBRIUM -- 7.1 IDEAL GASES -- 7.2 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS -- 7.2.1 Closed System -- 7.2.2 Open System -- 7.3 IDEAL GAS CALCULATIONS -- 7.4 ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS -- 7.5 REAL GAS PROPERTIES -- 7.6 THE PHASE DIAGRAM -- 7.7 EQUILIBRIUM -- 7.7.1 The Flash Calculation -- 7.8 SOLUBILITY OF A GAS IN A LIQUID -- 7.9 SOLUBILITY OF A SOLID IN A LIQUID -- 7.10 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 8 RENEWABLE MATERIALS -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS -- 8.2.1 Role of Biomass and Components -- 8.2.2 Production of Chemicals from Renewable Resources -- 8.3 APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE MATERIALS -- 8.3.1 The Case of Biodegradable Plastics.

8.3.2 The Case of Compostable Chemicals -- 8.3.3 Production of Ethanol from Biomass -- 8.3.4 The Case of Flex-Fuel Vehicles -- 8.3.5 Production of Biodiesel -- 8.4 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 9 CURRENT AND FUTURE STATE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 BASIC THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS -- 9.3 OTHER CHEMICAL PROCESSES FOR ENERGY TRANSFER -- 9.3.1 Microwave-Assisted Reactions -- 9.3.2 Sonochemistry -- 9.3.3 Electrochemistry -- 9.3.4 Photochemistry and Photovoltaic Cells -- 9.4 RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN THE 21st CENTURY AND BEYOND -- 9.4.1 Solar Energy -- 9.4.2 Wind Power -- 9.4.3 Geothermal Solution -- 9.4.4 Hydropower -- 9.4.5 The Case of Hydrogen Technology -- 9.4.6 Barriers to Development -- 9.5 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ABOUT SOURCES OF ENERGY AND THEIR FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- 10 THE ECONOMICS OF GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND ECONOMIC THEORY -- 10.2.1 Plant (Microscale) Scale Economics -- 10.2.2 Corporate Economics -- 10.2.3 Macroeconomics -- 10.3 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GREEN CHEMISTRY -- 10.4 BUSINESS STRATEGIES REGARDING APPLICATION OF GREEN CHEMISTRY -- 10.5 INCORPORATION OF GREEN CHEMISTRY IN PROCESS DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY -- 10.6 CASE STUDIES DEMONSTRATING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY AND DESIGN -- 10.7 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 11 GREEN CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY -- 11.2.1 Basic Concepts -- 11.2.2 Toxicokinetics -- 11.2.3 Cellular Toxicity -- 11.3 Identifying chemicals of concern -- 11.3.1 Mode of Action Approaches -- 11.3.2 Adverse Outcome Pathways -- 11.3.3 Threshold of Toxicological Concern -- 11.3.4 Chemistry-Linked-to-Toxicity: Structural Alerts and Mechanistic Domains -- 11.4 TOXICOLOGY DATA -- 11.4.1 Authoritative Sources of Information.

11.4.2 Data Gaps: The Challenge and the Opportunity Arising from New Technologies -- 11.5 COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY AND GREEN CHEMISTRY -- 11.5.1 Tools for Predictions and Modeling -- 11.5.2 Interoperability of Models for Decision Making and the Case for Metadata -- 11.6 APPLICATIONS OF TOXICOLOGY INTO GREEN CHEMISTRY INITIATIVES -- 11.6.1 Reach -- 11.6.2 State of California Green Chemistry Initiatives -- 11.7 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- Index.