Improved Fire- and Smoke- Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- PART I INVITED PAPERS -- Federal Aviation Administration Fire Safety Mission -- Airplane Accidents and Fires -- INTRODUCTION -- COMMERCIAL JET TRANSPORT ACCIDENT STATISTICS -- Background for Accident Data-Collection Processes -- Aviation Accident Data for Hull Losses and Fatalities -- Hull-Loss Data -- Fatality Data -- COMMERCIAL JET TRANSPORT FIRE STATISTICS -- SELECTED FIRE SCENARIOS -- Example: 727, Salt Lake City -- Example: DC-9, Cincinnati -- Example: 737-200, Calgary and Manchester -- SUMMARY -- Heat Exposure and Burning Behavior of Cabin Materials During an Aircraft Post-Crash Fuel Fire -- ABSTRACT -- BACKGROUND -- FULL-SCALE FIRE TESTS -- Pool Fire -- Pool Fire/Fuselage Impact -- Radiant Heating of Cabin through Fuselage Opening -- Effects of Wind on Cabin Heating -- Fuel-Fire Hazards Accumulation within Cabin -- Characteristics of Burning Cabin Materials -- DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED FIRE-TEST CRITERIA FOR CABIN MATERIALS -- References -- Fundamental Fire Properties of Combustible Materials -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BURNING PROCESS -- FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES THAT INFLUENCE FIRE BEHAVIOR -- Physical Properties -- Chemical Properties -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Fire Tests and Hazard Evaluation -- INTRODUCTION -- HAZARDS DUE TO FIRE -- MEASURES OF HAZARD -- FLASHOVER AND VENTILATION-LIMITED FIRES -- Development Fire -- Onset of Flashover -- Ventilation-Limited Fire -- THE DEVELOPING FIRE ON MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS -- FLAMMABILITY COMPONENTS -- Dependent Factors -- FLAMMABILITY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION -- Classification by Traditional Tests -- Evaluation by Scientific Methods -- IMPORTANCE OF HEAT FLUX -- Effect of Heat Flux on Fire-Growth Components -- Heat Flux in Fire Scenarios -- TESTING STRATEGIES -- CONCLUSIONS.

References -- Fire Properties of Materials -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PYROLYSIS -- Heat of Gasification -- Surface Re-Radiation Loss -- COMBUSTION -- IGNITION -- Ignition of Thermally Thick Materials -- Ignition of Thermally Thin Materials -- Thermal Response Parameter (TRP) -- FIRE PROPAGATION -- Fire-Propagation Index -- GENERATION OF HEAT AND FIRE PRODUCTS -- Heat Release Rate -- Heat Release Parameter -- The Effect of Ventilation on the HRP -- Mass Generation Rate of a Product -- Product Generation Parameter -- The Effect of Ventilation on the PGP -- Preferential Conversion of Carbon in the Material to CO with Decrease in Fire Ventilation -- Preferential Conversion of Carbon in the Material to Smoke with Decrease in Fire Ventilation -- THERMAL AND NONTHERMAL DAMAGE -- CORROSION -- SMOKE DAMAGE -- FLAME EXTINCTION -- SUMMARY -- NOMENCLATURE -- References -- Fire-Screening Results of Polymers and Composites -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- FIRE PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES -- Flame-Spread Index (ASTM E-162) -- Smoke and Combustion Gas Generation (ASTM E-662) -- Residual Flexural Strength (ASTM D-790) -- Heat Release and Ignitability (ASTM E-1354) -- Oxygen-Temperature Index -- DISCUSSION -- Heat Release and Ignitability -- Influence of Fiber Reinforcement -- Effect of Resin Matrix and Additives -- Residual Strength -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Fire Properties of Future Material Candidates -- BACKGROUND -- A PREDICTION OF THE FUTURE OF FLAME RETARDANCY -- Temperature Requirements -- Types of Reactions -- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- Acid-Base Chemistry -- Organic Reactions -- Functional Group Reactions -- Systematic Studies of Additives and Polymers -- Surface Treatment of Polymers -- Experimental Protocol -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Meeting FR Goals Using Polymer Additive Systems -- INTRODUCTION.

TRENDS ON FLAME-RETARDANT COMPOUNDING: BUILDING A SYSTEM OF INTERACTIVE INGREDIENTS -- SOME PERSPECTIVE ON THE PROBLEM -- SPECIFIC TACTICS -- Retardation of Ignition by Reflecting Radiant Heat -- Raising Ignition Temperature and Effective Heat Capacity by Providing Heat Sinks -- Taking Advantage of the Damkohler Number Effect: Removing the Fuel from the Combustion Zone before most has Burned -- Shifting Degradation Pathway Away from Volatile Fuel Release to Cross-Linking and/or Generation of Vapors of Low Fuel Value -- Rapid Formation of Barriers to Heat and Mass Transfer -- Further Consideration of Charring-Catalysis -- Special Problems of Catalyst Design and Possible Solutions -- Introduction of Polymeric Additives to Provide Char -- Introduction of Reactive Cross-Linking Additives -- Improving the Barrier Quality by Introducing Heteroelements -- Physical Reinforcement of the Barrier -- Preventing Oxidative Destruction and Smoldering of the Barrier -- Smoke Considerations -- Formulating a Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression "Package" -- The Structural Aspect of Flame Retardancy-Layer Effects -- SUMMARY -- References -- An Overview of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers -- INTRODUCTION -- MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS -- Silicon-Based Polymeric Materials -- Polysiloxanes -- Polysilazanes -- Polycarbosilanes -- Polysilanes -- Phosphorous-Based Polymeric Materials -- OTHER TYPES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS -- Boron-and Aluminum-Containing Polymers -- Polyborylamines and Polyborazines -- Hybrid Boron-Nitrogen-Carbon Polymers -- Carborane Cage Polymers -- Oligo (aluminoxane)s -- Sulfur-Containing, Polythiazyl (S-N)x, Polymers -- Tin-Containing Polymers -- Ferrocenyl Polymers -- Phthalocyanine (shiskabab) Polymers -- Metalloporphyrin Polymers -- SUMMARY -- References.

Flame-Retarding Wool Textile Materials and the Evaluation of Thermally Stable Polymers for Commercia ... -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- EFFECT OF THE SEAT FIRE-BLOCKING REGULATION -- WOOL FLAME-RETARDANT TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW HEAT RELEASE APPLICATIONS -- WASHABLE FLAME-RETARDANT WOOL -- FLAME-RETARDANT AND THERMALLY STABLE FIBERS -- CS Trevira (FR polyester) -- Nomex (aramid) -- P-84 (polyimide) -- PBI (polybenzimidazole) -- Kennel (polyamide-imide) -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Smoke Toxicity -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- PRACTICAL METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS DETERMINING HAZARD TO LIFE IN FIRES -- Physiological Hazards in Fires -- Evaluation of the Effects of Optically Dense, Irritant Smoke on the Eyes and Respiratory Tract -- Calculation of Time to Incapacitation Due to Effects of Narcotic Gases -- Calculation of Time to Incapacitation Due to the Effects of Convected and Radiant Heat -- APPLICATION OF THE INCAPACITATION MODEL TO DIFFERENT FIRE SCENARIOS -- Nonflaming or Smouldering Fires -- Early-Flaming, Well-Ventilated Fires in a Room with an Open Doorway -- Small, Restricted-Ventilation Fires in Closed Compartments -- Fully Developed/Post-Flashover Fires -- RECOMMENDATIONS TO ENHANCE SURVIVABILITY IN AIRCRAFT FIRE ACCIDENTS -- In-Flight Fires -- Fires on the Ground -- References -- In-Service Performance Criteria for Aircraft Interiors -- INTRODUCTION -- INFLUENCE FACTORS TO THE CABIN PERFORMANCE -- EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS -- Material Performance -- Passengers and Crews -- REASON FOR PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS -- Servicing Personnel -- Maintenance Personnel -- Continuous Safety -- Flammability Requirements -- Prevention of Cabin Malfunction -- Quality for Passengers -- Materials -- Costs per Part -- Maintenance and In-Service Costs -- CONCLUSION -- Design of Aircraft Interior.

FUNCTIONS AND PERFORMANCES OF AIRCRAFT INTERIOR -- INTERIOR FURNISHING REQUIREMENTS -- Protection of Passengers -- Passenger Services -- Passenger Entertainment -- DETERMINING FACTORS -- Customer Requests and Feasibility -- Types of Construction and Materials -- COMMERCIAL ASPECTS -- Proportion of Interior Design Costs Compared to Overall Costs -- Effect of Interior Furnishing on Profitability -- Conversions or Second Interior Furnishing Sets -- Further Development -- Processing and Manufacturing of Interior Components -- INTRODUCTION -- STATE-OF-THE-ART PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING -- Flat Sandwich Structures -- Curved Sandwich Structures -- Decoration -- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING -- Economic and Technological Developments -- Ecological Aspects -- CONCLUSION -- PART II WORKSHOP SUMMARY -- Session I: Toxicity -- SESSION OBJECTIVES -- PARTICIPANTS -- SESSION REPORT -- Current Toxicity Criteria and Characterization Methods -- Toxicity Goals for Long-Term Research -- Needed Development in Materials Evaluation and Characterization -- Long-Term Research -- Special Comments by Marcelo Hirschler -- Session II: Fire Performance Parameters -- SESSION OBJECTIVES -- PARTICIPANTS -- SESSION REPORT -- Fire Performance Parameters -- Needed Development in Materials Evaluation and Characterization Methods -- Long-Term Research -- Session III: Drivers for Materials Development -- SESSION OBJECTIVES -- PARTICIPANTS -- SESSION REPORT -- Current Fire-Resistant Materials -- Design and Performance Requirements for Interior Materials -- Goals for Fire Performance of Future Materials -- State of the Materials and Fabrication Industries -- Drivers and Barriers for the Development of Improved Materials -- Drivers -- Barriers -- Long-Term Research -- Session IV: New Materials Technology -- SESSION OBJECTIVES -- PARTICIPANTS -- SESSION REPORT.

State of the Art of Fire-Resistant Materials.