Front Cover -- Introduction to CDMA Wireless Communications -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Development of CDMA Wireless Communications -- 1.2 Basic digital communication system -- 1.3 Sources of noise -- 1.4 Properties of the probability density functions -- 1.5 Examples of probability distributions -- 1.5.1 Uniform distribution -- 1.5.2 Gaussian (normal) distribution -- 1.5.3 Rayleigh and Rice distributions -- 1.5.4 Binomial distribution -- 1.5.5 Chi-square distribution -- 1.6 Equivalent noise bandwidth -- 1.7 Linear filtering of white noise -- 1.7.1 White noise differentiation -- 1.7.2 White noise integration -- 1.8 Narrowband Gaussian noise -- 1.9 Sinusoidal signal plus narrowband noise -- 1.10 Fourier analysis -- 1.10.1 Fourier series -- 1.10.2 Fourier transform -- 1.10.3 Fast Fourier transform -- 1.11 Signals convolution -- 1.12 Signals deconvolution -- 1.13 Signals correlation -- 1.14 Spectral density of discrete signals -- 1.15 Summary -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Appendix 1.A -- Chapter 2 Introduction to Digital Communications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Review of digital transmission theory -- 2.2.1 Data transmission codes -- 2.2.2 General theory of digital transmission -- 2.2.3 Statistical detection theory for binary transmission -- 2.2.4 Optimum threshold voltage -- 2.2.5 Minimum probability of error -- 2.2.6 Principles of matched filtering -- 2.2.7 Matched filter impulse response h(t) -- 2.2.8 Probability of error at the output of matched filter -- 2.2.9 Binary Nyquist pulse signalling -- 2.3 Channel equalizing -- 2.3.1 Linear equalizers -- 2.3.2 Non-linear equalizers -- 2.4 Digital modulation/demodulation schemes used in CDMA systems -- 2.4.1 Quadrature/Offset Phase Shift Keying (QPSK/OQPSK) modulation system -- 2.5 RAKE receivers -- 2.6 Channel forward error correction coding.

2.6.1 The convolutional encoder -- 2.6.2 Convolutional coding representation -- 2.6.3 Viterbi decoding algorithm -- 2.6.4 Probability of error using VA decoding -- 2.6.5 Turbo encoding and decoding -- 2.6.6 Turbo code construction -- 2.6.7 Turbo code interleavers -- 2.6.8 Turbo code tail-biting -- 2.6.9 Turbo decoding -- 2.6.10 The MAP algorithm -- 2.7 Channel capacity -- 2.8 Ideal communication system -- 2.9 Summary -- Laboratory Sessions -- Laboratory session I: Matched filtering -- Laboratory session II: Signal equalization -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Spread-Spectrum Techniques -- 3.1 Historical background -- 3.2 Benefits of spread-spectrum technology -- 3.2.1 Avoiding interception -- 3.2.2 Privacy of transmission -- 3.2.3 Resistance to fading -- 3.2.4 Accurate low power position finding -- 3.2.5 Improved multiple access scheme -- 3.3 Principles of spread-spectrum communications (Scholtz, 1977) -- 3.4 Most common types of spread-spectrum systems -- 3.4.1 DS-SS systems -- 3.4.2 Frequency hopping spread-spectrum system -- 3.4.3 Hybrid DS/FH systems -- 3.5 Processing gain -- 3.6 Correlation functions (Sarwate and Pursley, 1980) -- 3.6.1 Periodic correlation function -- 3.6.2 Aperiodic correlation function -- 3.6.3 Even and odd cross-correlation function -- 3.6.4 The Merit Factor (Golay, 1982) -- 3.6.5 Interference rejection capability -- 3.7 Performance of spread-spectrum systems (Pursley, 1977) -- 3.8 Summary -- Laboratory session III: Introduction to spread-spectrum techniques -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 4 Pseudo-Random Code Sequences for Spread-Spectrum Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic Algebra concepts -- 4.3 Arithmetic of binary polynomial -- 4.4 Computing elements of GF(2[sup(m)]) -- 4.5 Binary pseudo-random sequences -- 4.5.1 Generation of binary pseudo-random sequences.

4.5.2 Maximal-length sequences (m-sequences) -- 4.5.3 Decimation of m-sequences -- 4.5.4 Preferred pairs of m-sequences -- 4.5.5 Gold sequences -- 4.5.6 Kasami sequences -- 4.5.7 Walsh sequences -- 4.5.8 Multi-rate orthogonal codes -- 4.6 Complex sequences -- 4.6.1 Quadriphase sequences -- 4.6.2 Polyphase sequences -- 4.7 Summary -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 5 Time Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Code acquisition -- 5.2.1 Optimum acquisition -- 5.2.2 Sub-optimum acquisition system -- 5.2.3 Search strategies -- 5.3 Analysis of serial acquisition system in AWGN channel -- 5.3.1 Statistical analysis of the mean and variance acquisition time for serial acquisition system -- 5.3.2 The Doppler effect on code acquisition -- 5.3.3 Probabilities of detection and false alarm -- 5.4 Sequential detection acquisition system -- 5.5 Matched filter acquisition system -- 5.6 Effects of frequency errors on the acquisition detector performance -- 5.7 Code tracking in AWGN channels -- 5.7.1 Optimum code tracking -- 5.7.2 Baseband early-late tracking loop -- 5.7.3 Baseband early-late tracking loop in noiseless channels -- 5.7.4 Baseband early-late tracking loop in AWGN channel -- 5.7.5 Noncoherent early-late tracking loop -- 5.7.6 Noncoherent early-late noiseless tracking loop -- 5.7.7 Noncoherent early-late tracking loop in AWGN channel -- 5.8 τ-Dither early-late noncoherent tracking loop -- 5.8.1 Noncoherent τ-dither tracking loop in a noiseless channel -- 5.8.2 Noncoherent τ-dither tracking loop in AWGN channel -- 5.9 Time synchronization of spread-spectrum systems in mobile fading channels -- 5.9.1 Code acquisition in fading channels -- 5.9.2 Code tracking in fading channels -- 5.10 Summary -- Problems -- References -- Appendix 5.A -- Appendix 5.B -- Chapter 6 Cellular Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Principles.

6.1 Wideband mobile channel -- 6.1.1 Propagation of radio waves -- 6.1.2 Statistics of mobile radio channel -- 6.1.3 Path losses -- 6.1.4 Prediction of path loss -- 6.2 The Cellular CDMA system -- 6.2.1 The cellular concept -- 6.2.2 The Near-Far effect -- 6.2.3 Power control schemes -- 6.3 Interference considerations -- 6.3.1 Interference on the reverse link -- 6.3.2 The inter cell interference (Heath and Newson, 1992 -- Newson, 1992 -- Viterbi et al., 1994) -- 6.3.3 Interference on the forward link -- 6.4 Single-user receiver in a multi-user channel -- 6.4.1 The multi-user channel -- 6.4.2 The conventional receiver -- 6.5 Improved single-user receivers -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 Modified conventional receivers schemes -- 6.6 Adaptive single-user receivers -- 6.6.1 The chip-rate linear adaptive receivers -- 6.6.2 Fractionally spaced adaptive receivers -- 6.6.3 Adaptive receiver for multipath fading channel -- 6.7 CDMA system capacity -- 6.7.1 Single cell capacity with ideal power control -- 6.7.2 Single cell capacity improvement methods (Gilhousen et al., 1991) -- 6.8 Capacity of cellular CDMA system -- 6.8.1 Capacity of the uplink (reverse link) -- 6.9 System Link Outage -- 6.9.1 Uplink outage -- 6.9.2 Downlink (forward link) outage -- 6.10 Effects of power control errors on link capacity (Leung, 1996 -- Viterbi et al., 1993 -- Wang and Yu, 2001) -- 6.10.1 Power control errors in the uplink -- 6.10.2 Pilot signal interference on the down link -- 6.11 Call blocking probability on the uplink -- 6.12 Summary -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 7 Multi-User Detection in CDMA Cellular Radio -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Optimal multi-user CDMA detection -- 7.2.1 Optimum synchronous detector -- 7.2.2 Optimum asynchronous detector -- 7.3 Linear sub-optimal detectors -- 7.3.1 Decorrelator detector -- 7.3.2 Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) detection.

7.4 Interference combat schemes -- 7.4.1 Smart antennas -- 7.4.2 Space diversity algorithms (Alamouti, 1998) -- 7.4.3 Beam forming techniques -- 7.4.4 Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (BLAST) Architectures -- 7.5 Interference Cancellation (IC) Techniques -- 7.5.1 Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) -- 7.5.2 Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) -- 7.5.3 Hybrid successive and parallel cancellation -- 7.5.4 Iterative (Turbo) interference cancellation -- 7.6 Summary -- Problems -- References -- Appendix 7.A -- Chapter 8 CDMA Wireless Communication Standards -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 IS-95A standard -- 8.3 IS-95A Forward link channels (IS-95) -- 8.3.1 Pilot channel -- 8.3.2 Sync channel -- 8.3.3 Paging channel -- 8.3.4 Traffic channel frame structure -- 8.3.5 Traffic channel signal processing -- 8.3.6 Traffic channel signalling -- 8.4 IS-95A Reverse link channels -- 8.4.1 Traffic channel coding -- 8.4.2 Reverse link long code masking -- 8.4.3 Reverse link interleaving -- 8.4.4 Link power control -- 8.4.5 Traffic channel modulation -- 8.4.6 Link frame structures -- 8.4.7 Traffic channel preamble -- 8.4.8 Signalling on the reverse Traffic channel -- 8.5 IS-95A Mobility issues -- 8.5.1 IS-95A Registration -- 8.5.2 Handoff procedures -- 8.6 Evolution of IS-95A standards to IS-95B (Kumar and Nanda, 1999) -- 8.6.1 Burst-mode high rate data -- 8.6.2 MAC sub-layer protocol services -- 8.6.3 IS-95B system performance trade-offs -- 8.7 cdma2000 standards (IS-2000 -- Kinsely et al., 1998) -- 8.7.1 Introduction -- 8.7.2 The spreading chip rates -- 8.7.3 The reverse link radio configurations -- 8.7.4 The long code generator -- 8.7.5 Baseband filtering -- 8.7.6 Reverse link frames -- 8.7.7 Supplemental code channel (RC3-RC6) -- 8.7.8 Supplemental code channel (RC1-RC2) -- 8.7.9 Complex spreading and modulation system -- 8.7.10 Reverse link channels' headers.

8.7.11 Error correction coding in the reverse channels.