Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- PART I GENERAL FEATURES OF REMEDIES AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS -- 1 The accountability regime for international organisations -- 2 Remedies against international organisations -- Remedies in international law -- The need for remedies against international organisations -- A constitutional obligation -- The human rights protection imperative -- The right to a remedy -- Comparing remedies against states with remedies against international organisations -- Distinctive features -- Common features -- Some further observations of a more general nature -- 3 The different levels of accountability and the appropriateness of various remedies: scope ratione materiae -- Member states and the first level of accountability -- Member states and the second and third level of accountability -- Non-member states and non-state third parties -- 4 Access to remedies -- Access to remedies: scope ratione personae and differential standing -- Access to remedies: scope ratione fori and differential standing -- 5 Remedies against whom: the scope ratione personae respondentis -- The claimant's approach -- The state of the law -- The procedural aspects -- Peacekeeping and peace-enforcement operations: a separate category -- 6 The potential outcome of remedies: scope ratione remedii -- Judicial remedies -- First-level remedies -- PART II PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF REMEDIAL ACTION AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS -- 7 Introduction to procedural aspects of remedial action against international organisations -- 8 Procedural aspects of remedial action by member states -- Exhaustion of internal remedies -- Differences over privileges and immunities -- The holding-harmless clause -- The holding-harmless clause and peacekeeping operations.

Diplomatic protection vis-à-vis the international organisation -- Diplomatic protection and the exhaustion of internal remedies -- Disputes involving staff members -- 9 Procedural aspects of remedial action by staff members -- The present system of protection -- Challenging legislative decisions -- The review system -- 10 Procedural aspects of remedial action by private claimants -- Contractual liability claims -- The overall picture -- Sub-contracting -- Arbitration -- Tort liability claims -- Insurance and self-insurance -- Operational activities -- Peacekeeping operations as a separate category: the ONUC case -- The conditions of control and command -- Limitation of third-party liability -- The claims review boards -- 11 Procedural obstacles for representational non-governmental organisations -- Non-governmental organisations and international organisations: an ambivalent relationship -- Lack of locus standi for representational non-governmental organisations -- Representational non-governmental organisations presenting their views before international courts and tribunals -- 12 Procedural obstacles common to remedial action by non-state claimants -- The jurisdictional immunity of international organisations before domestic courts -- International organisations before domestic courts -- Judicial abstention by domestic courts -- Judicial activism by domestic courts -- The burden of proof and evidence -- Disclosure of information and documents -- Proof and evidence before international criminal tribunals -- PART III SUBSTANTIVE OUTCOME OF REMEDIAL ACTION AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS -- 13 General features of remedial outcome -- Orders for specific performance -- Declaratory judgments -- Pecuniary remedies -- Ex gratia payments -- Non-pecuniary remedies -- Punitive damages -- Costs and attorneys' fees -- 14 Remedial outcome for staff members.

General picture -- A variety of remedies -- Compensation -- The problem of costs -- 15 Remedial outcome for private claimants -- Contractual liability claims -- Procurement-related arbitration cases -- Tort liability claims -- Counterclaims -- Peacekeeping operations -- Ex gratia payments -- PART IV ALTERNATIVE REMEDIAL ACTION AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE -- 16 Introduction to alternative remedial action against international organisations and options for the future -- 17 Pre-remedial action -- 18 Non-legal alternative remedial action -- The ombudsman model -- The inspection panel model -- The World Bank Inspection Panel -- The World Bank's 1996 Clarifications and the 1999 Conclusions -- The World Bank Inspection Panel as an accountability mechanism -- The World Bank Inspection Panel as a model -- Commissions of Inquiry -- The potential remedial effect of Commissions of Inquiry -- Two recent examples:the reports on Srebrenica and on Rwanda -- 19 Amendment of existing judicial remedies -- International administrative tribunals -- The UN internal system of justice: the 1995 proposals -- The jurisdiction of international administrative tribunals -- Denial of justice -- An appeal procedure -- Prospective and retrospective approaches -- The potential role of domestic courts -- Waiver of immunity and the balance of interests -- The obligation to provide alternative modes of settlement -- Domestic courts as an appropriate forum -- The solution offered by Reinisch -- The potential role of arbitration proceedings -- Arbitration between states and international organisations -- Arbitration between non-state entities and international organisations -- 20 An inevitable role for the International Court of Justice -- Indirect remedial opportunity in an inter-state dispute before the Court.

(In)direct remedial opportunity by way of a (binding) Advisory Opinion -- Advisory Opinions under the 1946 General Convention: the right of initiative -- Remedial protection -- Direct remedial action by wider access to the Court: amending Article -- The need for change -- The 1997 proposals -- Policy reasons -- The amendment of the jurisdiction ratione personae: which international organisations should be granted locus standi? -- The amendment of the jurisdiction ratione materiae -- Guatemala's proposal -- Costa Rica's proposal -- Freedom of exclusion -- Some procedural aspects and rights -- Provisional measures of protection -- Intervention -- Amicus curiae -- Locus standi for non-state entities:representational non-governmental organisations and individuals? -- How can the necessary changes be brought about? -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.