List of Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Introduction -- 1 The Sustainable Biofuels Paradigm -- 1.1 Biofuels: Opportunities and Challenges -- 1.1.1 From Fossil Fuels to 1st Generation Biofuels -- 1.1.2 A Case for 2nd and 3rd Generation Biofuels -- 1.2 The Sustainability Paradigm and Biofuels -- References -- Part II Biofuel Crop Models -- 2 Switchgrass for Bioenergy: Agro-ecological Sustainability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Switchgrass-A Short History of and the Case for Its Use as a Biofuel Feedstock -- 2.2 Energetic and Economic Considerations in Sustainability -- 2.2.1 Energy In: Energy Out (Is Making Biofuel from Switchgrass Energetically Feasible?) -- 2.2.2 Economic Tipping Points (Is Making Biofuel from Switchgrass Economically Feasible?) -- 2.2.3 Using Value-added Products to Shift the Tipping Point -- 2.2.4 Farmer and Factory Relationships: Getting the Ball Rolling -- 2.2.5 Ethical/Social/Fairness Dimensions of the Sustainability -- 2.3 Ecological/Environmental/Resource Considerations of the Sustainability -- 2.3.1 Sustaining the Soil Resource -- 2.3.2 Sustaining the Air Resource: GHGs and Climate -- 2.3.3 Sustaining theWater Resource: Depletion and Pollution Concerns -- 2.3.4 Sustaining Biological Resources: Biodiversity -- 2.4 Managing Switchgrass for Bioenergy and Sustainability -- 2.4.1 Description, Adaptations, and Selection -- 2.4.2 Establishment -- 2.4.3 Fertility in an Agroecological and Sustainability Context -- 2.4.4 Mechanization, Storage, and Hauling -- 2.4.5 Demands of a Bioenergy Industry -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Sugarcane as an Alternative Source of Sustainable Energy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Energy Expenses in Sugarcane Production -- 3.3 Nutrient and Fertilizer Expenditures of Sugarcane.

3.4 Sugarcane Bagasse: A Sustainable Energy Resource -- 3.4.1 Electricity Generation from Bagasse -- 3.4.2 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions -- 3.4.3 Bagasse-based Byproducts and Future Energy Assessment -- 3.5 Sugarcane Trash: A Potential Biomass for Sustainable Energy -- 3.6 Sugarcane Biomass for Biofuel Production -- 3.6.1 Chemical Composition of Sugarcane Biomass -- 3.6.2 Conversion of Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol -- 3.6.3 Pretreatment of Sugarcane Biomass -- 3.6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis/Saccharification of the Cellulosic Fraction -- 3.6.5 Detoxification of Cellulosic and Hemicellulosic Hydrolysates -- 3.6.6 Fermentation of Sugars from Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol -- 3.6.7 Pyrolysis of Sugarcane Biomass -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a NewBiofuel Feedstock for Semi-arid and Arid Regions and Its Agro-ecological Sustainability Issues -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Systematics and Global Distribution -- 4.3 Vegetative Growth and Sexual Reproduction -- 4.4 Optimal and Sub-optimal Climate and Growth Conditions -- 4.5 Propagation -- 4.6 Uses and Abuses of JCL -- 4.6.1 Traditional Non-fuel Uses -- 4.6.2 Feedstock for Biofuels -- 4.6.3 Utilization of JCL byproducts -- 4.7 JCL as A Sustainable Alternative to Fossil Fuels -- 4.7.1 Environmental Impacts -- 4.7.2 Socioeconomic Impacts -- 4.8 Significance of Irrigation and Fertilization for JCL Cultivation -- 4.8.1 Effects of Irrigation on Pot-grown JCL Plants -- 4.8.2 Effects of Irrigation on Field-grown JCL Plants -- 4.8.3 Effects of Fertilization on JCL Plants -- 4.9 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Environmental Aspects of Willow Cultivation for Bioenergy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Willow Plantations -- 5.3 Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes.

5.3.1 Estimates of Growth and Carbon Sequestration -- 5.3.2 Eddy Flux Measurements -- 5.3.3 Closing the Carbon Budget -- 5.3.4 The Fertilization Effect -- 5.3.5 What Are the Limits? -- 5.3.6 Substitution Efficiency and Climate Effect -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Biofuels and Biogeochemical Impacts -- 6 Short Rotation Forestry for Energy Production in Italy: Environmental Aspects and New Perspectives of Use in Biofuel Industry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ecological Services Provided by SRF -- 6.2.1 Buffer Strips and Ecological Corridors -- 6.2.2 Fertirrigation: Disposal of Livestock, Urban and Industrial Wastewaters -- 6.2.3 Soil Erosion Control -- 6.2.4 CO2 Uptake and Carbon Sequestration -- 6.3 Biofuel Production and SRF -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Populus and Salix Grown in a Short-rotation Coppice for Bioenergy: Ecophysiology, Aboveground Productivity, and Stand-level Water Use Efficiency -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Water Use of SRC -- 7.3 Water Use Efficiency of SRC -- 7.4 WUE and Related Ecophysiological Variables Literature Surveys -- 7.5 Case Study: Populus in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands -- 7.5.1 Introduction -- 7.5.2 Site and Stand Description -- 7.5.3 Methods -- 7.5.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Biofuels and Natural Resource Management -- 8 Afforestation of Salt-affected Marginal Lands with Indigenous Tree Species for Sustainable Biomass and Bioenergy Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Origin and Distribution of Salt-affected Soils in India -- 8.3 Properties of Salt-affected Soils -- 8.4 Natural Vegetation on Salt-affected Soils -- 8.5 Management Practices for Afforestation on Salt-affected Soils -- 8.5.1 Selection of Tree Species -- 8.5.2 Pre-planting Management Strategies -- 8.5.3 Planting Techniques.

8.5.4 Post-planting Management Strategies -- 8.6 Biomass Production -- 8.6.1 Saline Soils -- 8.6.2 Sodic Soils -- 8.7 Bioenergy Production -- 8.8 Soil Amelioration -- 8.9 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Bioenergy and Prospects for Phytoremediation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bioenergy Systems for Soil Phytoremediation -- 9.2.1 Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals -- 9.2.2 SRCs and Rhizodegradation of Organic Pollution -- 9.3 Bioenergy Systems for Water Phytoremediation -- 9.3.1 Phytoremediation Systems with Municipal Wastewater -- 9.3.2 Phytoremediation Systems with Landfill Leachate -- References -- Part V Life Cycle Assessment Principles -- 10 Eight Principles of Uncertainty for Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuel Systems -- 10.1 Introduction: Regulatory LCA -- 10.2 Eight Principles of Uncertainty for LCA of Biofuel Systems -- 10.3 Principle 1: Biofuel Production Is a Complex System of Systems -- 10.4 Principle 2: Standardized LCA Methods for Biofuels Do Not Exist -- 10.5 Principle 3: Empirical Data Are Scarce for Most Aspects of Biofuels -- 10.6 Principle 4: Local Biofuel LCAs Reduce Uncertainty and Errors -- 10.7 Principle 5: Sensitive Parameters Cause Order of Magnitude Changes -- 10.7.1 Biorefinery Natural Gas Efficiency -- 10.7.2 Agricultural N2O Emissions -- 10.7.3 Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics and CO2 Emissions -- 10.7.4 Setting an Uncertainty Standard for Biofuel LCA -- 10.8 Principle 6: Indirect Emissions Are Numerous and Highly Uncertain -- 10.8.1 Indirect Land Use Change -- 10.8.2 Multiple Indirect Effects and Global Economic Forecasting -- 10.9 Principle 7: Transparency Is Essential for Regulatory LCA -- 10.10 Principle 8: Fossil Fuel Reference Systems Are Diverse and Uncertain -- 10.11 Conclusions -- References.

11 Energy and GHG Emission Assessments of Biodiesel Production in Mato Grosso, Brazil -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methods -- 11.3.1 Crop Selection -- 11.3.2 Identification of the Area Suitable for Cultivation -- 11.3.3 Settings and Constraints Specific for the Case Study -- 11.3.4 Problem Formulation -- 11.3.5 Other Impacts -- 11.4 Results -- 11.5 Discussion -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VI Global Potential Assessments -- 12 Biomass Potential of Switchgrass and Miscanthus on the USA's Marginal Lands -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods -- 12.2.1 Identification of the USA's Marginal Lands -- 12.2.2 Processing Land Cover Data -- 12.2.3 NCCPI -- 12.2.4 Determination of Marginal Lands -- 12.2.5 Development of Empirical Models -- 12.2.6 Sample Data -- 12.2.7 Regional Model Simulations -- 12.2.8 Data Selection -- 12.2.9 Model Development and Validation -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 USA Marginal Lands -- 12.3.2 Model Developments and Validations -- 12.3.3 Biomass Estimates of Switchgrass and Miscanthus -- 12.3.4 Comparison of Switchgrass and Miscanthus -- 12.3.5 Limitations and Future Study -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Global Agro-ecological Challenges in Commercial Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas: Seed Productivity to Disease Incidence -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Standardization of Agro-technology -- 13.2.1 Propagation Techniques -- 13.2.2 Planting Material -- 13.2.3 Nursery Management -- 13.2.4 Field Planting -- 13.3 Global Seed Productivity -- 13.4 Techno-commercial Economics -- 13.5 Scope for Improvements -- 13.6 Disease Incidence -- 13.7 Soil Amelioration -- 13.8 Conclusions -- References -- Subject Index.