Improving Interactions Between Coastal Science and Policy -- Copyright -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- RATIONALE FOR EXAMINING SCIENCE-POLICY INTERACTIONS -- PURPOSES OF THE CALIFORNIA SYMPOSIUM -- CONDUCT OF THE SYMPOSIUM -- ADDITIONAL SYMPOSIA -- STAGE SETTING PAPERS -- WHAT DO POLICYMAKERS AND POLICY-IMPLEMENTORS NEED FROM SCIENTISTS? -- Introduction -- Do Public Policymakers and Implementors Need Scientific Input? -- Who Wants the Scientific Information? -- Policymakers -- Policy-Implementors -- Others -- Understanding the Role of the User of the Information and That of the Scientist -- Why is the Scientific Information Wanted? -- Other Factors to Consider -- Defining the Problem -- Asking the Right Questions -- Speaking the Same Language -- What do Decisionmakers Need From the Scientific Community? -- Timely Information -- Credible Information -- Responsiveness to the Questions Asked -- Making Clear Limitations of the Scientific Information -- Identifying What Additional Questions Need to be Asked and Answered -- Clear Explanations of Conclusions Drawn from the Scientific Information -- What is Needed to Provide the Information and Any Additional Input -- Conclusion -- BRIDGING THE GAP: WHAT NATURAL SCIENTISTS AND POLICYMAKERS AND IMPLEMENTORS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT EACH OTHER -- Introduction -- Two Cultures? -- Translation -- Getting and Giving Advice -- Authorities, Advocates and Antagonists -- Dealing with Uncertainty -- Relationships Among Scientific Approaches -- Timing and Timeliness -- Literature Cited -- SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO COASTAL POLICYMAKING -- Introduction -- The Cultural Ecology of Coastal Public Policymaking Systems -- What is Social Science? -- The Uses of Social Science in Coastal Policymaking -- Policy Development -- Policy Implementation -- Existing Mechanisms for Social Scientific Input.

Impediments to the Use of Social Scientists and Social Scientific Data in the Coastal Policy Process -- Is Social Science Science? -- Support and Resources for Coastal Social Science -- Translating Social Science Into Policy -- Conclusion -- ON THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL COASTAL OCEAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS -- Introduction -- Science and Its Place in the Policy Process -- Policy Initiation -- Policy Formulation -- Policy Implementation -- Policy Evaluation -- Policy Modification/Termination -- Program Implementation as an Experimental Process -- Implementation as an Experiment -- Setting Goals -- Program Operation -- Collection of Outcomes Data -- Analysis and Program Modification/Termination -- The Use of Science in National Coastal/Ocean Programs -- The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 -- The Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act -- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (OCSLAA) -- Marine Mammal Protection Act -- National Estuary Program -- Conclusions -- Topics Deserving Additional Research Emphasis -- References -- ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN PUBLIC POLICY: APPLICATIONS TO COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT -- The Textbook Model and Its Limitations -- Limitations of the Textbook Model -- An Advocacy Coalition Model -- Promoting Learning Across Coalitions -- Conclusion -- References -- SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN SCIENCE-POLICY INTERACTIONS: CASES FROM THE HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA COASTAL AND OCEAN STUDIES, 1945-1973 -- CalCOFI: Brilliant Science and a Disappearing Fishery -- Science and California Ocean Policy: New Initiatives, 1964-1973 -- The Conundrum of Scientific Advising -- Acknowledgements -- ISSUES -- COASTAL OCEAN HABITAT MITIGATION STRATEGIES -- Introduction -- Coastal Ocean Habitat Mitigation Strategies -- Habitat Evaluation Techniques -- San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS).

Artificial Reefs/Kelp Beds -- Marine Fish Hatcheries -- Developing a Strategy -- Conclusion -- References -- Issue Group Summary -- COASTAL SEDIMENT AND WATER QUALITY -- Introduction -- Marine Environmental Issues in the Southern California Bight -- Marine Environmental Issues -- Information Needed by Environmental Managers -- Monitoring -- Research -- Causes of the Problems -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Literature Cited -- Issue Group Summary -- Case Studies -- Improvements Needed in Sciency-Policy Interactions -- Conclusions -- CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT -- Introduction -- Managing the Cumulative Impacts of Development: An Opportunity for Integration? -- Reaching a Common Understanding -- Cumulative Impacts -- Distinguishing Cumulative Impacts Assessment from Management -- Cumulative Impacts Assessment -- Cumulative Impacts Management -- Current Capacities: Fragmented Incrementalism -- Roads to Institutional Reform -- Issue Group Summary -- APPENDIXES -- APPENDIX A -- AGENDA -- Appendix B Participants -- Appendix C Discussion Items*.