NUCLEAR AMBITIONS AND ISSUES IN THE MIDDLE EAST -- NUCLEAR AMBITIONS AND ISSUES IN THE MIDDLE EAST -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 IRAN'S NUCLEAR PROGRAM: TEHRAN'S COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS -- Summary -- Introduction -- Background -- Iran and the IAEA -- Potential Noncompliance since September 2005 -- Iran and the U.N. Security Council -- Authority for IAEA and U.N. Security Council Actions -- IAEA Statute -- U.N. Charter and the Security Council -- Has Iran Violated the NPT?27 -- Appendix A. Iranian Noncompliance with Its IAEA Safeguards Agreement -- Appendix B. Extended Remarks by William Foster Regarding Possible NPT Article II Violations -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 IRAN SANCTIONS -- Summary -- Overview -- The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) -- Key Provisions/"Triggers" and Available Sanctions -- Waiver and Termination Authority -- Iran Freedom Support Act Amendments -- Effectiveness and Ongoing Challenges -- Energy Routes and Refinery Investment -- Refinery Construction -- Significant Purchase Agreements -- Efforts in the 110th Congress to Expand ISA Application -- Legislation in the 111th Congress: Targeting Gasoline Sales -- Likely Effects of the Iran Refined Petroleum Sanctions Act -- Relationships to Other U.S. Sanctions -- Ban on U.S. Trade and Investment with Iran -- Application to Foreign Subsidiaries of U.S. Firms -- Treasury Department "Targeted Financial Measures" -- Terrorism-Related Sanctions -- Executive Order 13224 -- Proliferation-Related Sanctions -- Relations to International Sanctions -- Efforts to Promote Divestment and Internet Freedom -- Efforts to Prevent Internet Monitoring by Iran -- Blocked Iranian Property and Assets -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 PAKISTAN'S NUCLEAR WEAPONS: PROLIFERATION AND SECURITY ISSUES -- Summary -- Background -- Nuclear Weapons -- Responding to India? -- Delivery Vehicles.

Nuclear Doctrine -- Command and Control -- Security Concerns -- Proliferation Threat -- Pakistan's Response to the Proliferation Threat -- Issues for Congress -- End Notes -- Chapter 4 IRAN'S NUCLEAR PROGRAM: STATUS -- Summary -- Background -- Recent Nuclear Controversy -- October 2009 Geneva Meeting33 -- Iran's Cooperation with the IAEA -- Status of Iran's Nuclear Programs -- Fuel Manufacturing Plant -- Uranium Enrichment -- Qom Facility76 -- Plutonium -- Arak Reactor -- Bushehr Reactor -- Does Iran Have a Nuclear Weapons Program? -- The 2007 National Intelligence Estimate -- Living with Risk -- Other Constraints on Nuclear Weapons Ambitions -- End Notes -- Chapter 5 THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES NUCLEAR PROGRAM AND PROPOSED U.S. NUCLEAR COOPERATION -- Summary -- The United Arab Emirates: Background and U.S. Relations -- The United Arab Emirates Nuclear Program -- Rationale -- Development Plans -- Current Infrastructure and Regulatory Regime -- Proposed U.S.-UAE Cooperation -- Memorandum of Understanding -- Proposed Bilateral Agreement Pursuant to Section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 -- Nuclear Cooperation Agreements, Approval Process, and Proposed Changes -- Issues for Congress -- Congressional Concerns -- Export Control Concerns -- Nonproliferation Concerns -- Human Rights Concerns -- Possible Diplomatic Implications -- Shaping Nonproliferation Standards and Best Practices -- Commercial Opportunities -- Bilateral Relations and UAE Cooperation in Nonproliferation Activities -- Legislative Developments in the 110th and 111th Congress -- Appendix. Provisions in U.S. Nuclear Cooperation Agreements with the UAE and Egypt Relevant to Establishing Standards for other Such Agreements -- UAE -- Egypt -- End Notes -- Chapter 6 U.S. NUCLEAR COOPERATION WITH INDIA: ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- Summary -- Recent Developments -- Background.

Global Partnership7 -- Issues for Consideration -- Strategy vs. Tactics -- Impact on U.S. Nonproliferation Policies -- Iran -- Reported Indian Transfers of WMD-related items to Iran29 -- Restricting Enrichment and Reprocessing -- Other Priorities -- Impact on the Nonproliferation Regime -- NSG Cohesion -- Effect on NPT Member States -- Missed Opportunities -- U.S. NPT Article I Obligations/Aiding India's Nuclear Arsenal -- Separation Plan Credibility -- Conferring Nuclear Weapon-State Status -- Offsetting India's Uranium Shortage -- Steps Required by P.L. 109-401 -- Separation Plan and Safeguards69 -- India-IAEA Discussions/Domestic Opposition78 -- India's Safeguards Agreement86 -- NSG Support -- India's Nuclear Cooperation with the United States and Other Countries -- Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage -- Other Required Steps -- Additional Protocol -- Declaration of Nuclear Facilities -- Harmonization with NSG/MTCR Guidelines and Adherence to NSG Guidelines -- The Atomic Energy Act and Consultations with Congress -- Agreements for Cooperation -- Export Licensing -- Termination of Cooperation -- P.L. 109-401128 -- President's Signing Statement -- Issues for Congress -- The Nuclear Cooperation Agreement -- Sensitive Nuclear Technology Transfers -- Nuclear Testing/Right of Return -- Fuel Supply -- P.L. 110-369-Key Provisions -- Declarations of Policy -- Certification Requirements -- Reporting Requirements -- Procedures for Subsequent Arrangements -- Appendix. India's September 5, 2008, Statement on Disarmament and Nonproliferation -- End Notes -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.