GLOBAL WARMING IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- GLOBAL WARMING IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE: CHALLENGES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY -- INTRODUCTION -- AF IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- Climate Change -- CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON AF -- Crop and Forage Productivity -- Forest Productivity -- Soil and Agricultural Production -- Livestock Productivity -- Water Effects -- Other Effects -- Economic Implications -- Economic Impact Findings -- Economic Methodology -- Structural Approach -- Spatial-Analogue Approach -- Challenges in Assessing Climate Change Effects -- AF AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE -- Adaptation Implications for Climate Change -- AF Production Level Options -- Crop and Forest Management -- Livestock and Aquaculture Fish Management -- Water Resource Management -- Other Management Practices -- Industry Adaptation beyond the Farm/Fishery/Forest Gate -- Governmental/NGO Adaptation -- Research and Extension Investment -- Adaptation Adjustment Assistance -- Trade Policy -- New Infrastructure -- Major Issues and Modeling Approaches -- Structural Approach -- Spatial-Analogue Approach -- Model Method Critique -- Findings on Adaptation to Climate Change -- Analytical Issues -- AF AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION -- Climate Change Mitigation on AF -- AF - A Source of Greenhouse Gases -- AF - A Sink for Greenhouse Gases -- AF - A Way of Offsetting Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- AF - Operating under Fuel Taxes -- Economic Appraisal of Agricultural Effects of Climate Change Mitigation Actions -- Challenges in Mitigation of GHG Emission -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 CLUSTERIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR, ABSORPTION OF GREENHOUSE MOLECULES BY WATER CLUSTERS, AND CLIMATIC CHANGE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION.

2. THE GREENHOUSE GAS CLUSTERIZATION -- 2.1. Computer Model -- 2.2. Dielectric Properties -- 2.3. Spectral Characteristics of Cluster Systems -- 3. CLUSTER MECHANISM OF OZONE DESTRUCTION BY CHLORINE AND BROMINE IONS -- 3.1. Method -- 3.2. The Spectral Characteristics of Chlorine-Containing Water Clusters in the Presence of Ozone and Oxygen -- 3.3. Dielectric Properties of Bromine-Containing Water Clusters in the Presence of Ozone and Oxygen -- 4. ESTIMATION OF THE GREENHOUSE AND ANTI-GREENHOUSE EFFECTS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 THE VARIABLE SOLAR DYNAMO AND THE FORECAST OF SOLAR ACTIVITY -- INFLUENCE ON TERRESTRIAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SOLAR PERIODICITIES -- 3. THE SCHWABE AND HALE CYCLES. THE BUTTERFLY DIAGRAM AND ITS EXTENSION -- 4. GRAND EPISODES -- 5. THE TACHOCLINE -- 6. FAST OR SLOW TACHOCLINE/DYNAMO - DOES IT REQUIRE A RELIC INTERIOR FIELD -- 7. GENERATION OF TOROIDAL FIELD AND FIELD EMERGENCE -- THE Ω EFFECT -- 8. VARIABLE LATITUDE OF ACTIVITY -- MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION -- 9. PROXIES AND THE PHASE DIAGRAM -- ITS DIAGNOSTIC VALUE -- 10. SOLAR CYCLES -- QUASI-HARMONIC OSCILLATIONS AND PERIODICITIES -- WAVELET REPRESENTATION -- PHYSICAL ORIGIN OF THE PERIODICITIES BEYOND THE HALE CYCLE -- 11. FORECASTING SCHWABE CYCLE 24 - LATE AND LOW -- COMPARISON WITH OTHER FORECASTS -- 12. FORECASTING THE NEXT GRAND EPISODE - A MAUNDER-TYPE MINIMUM? -- 13. DEPENDENCE OF GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON SOLAR ACTIVITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 USE OF COMPUTERS TO SIMULATE AND PREDICT CLIMATECHANGE IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- A. INTRODUCTION -- Other Questions in Support of Our Main One -- Can Models Make Predictions? -- Questions the Models Can't and Are Not Likely to Answer -- B. WHAT ARE CLIMATE MODELS -- Introduction -- Atmospheres -- Dynamical Framework.

Physical Parameterizations -- Surface Boundary Conditions -- Comparison with Observations -- Vertical Gridding -- Oceans -- Land Surfaces -- Sea Ice -- C Comparisons ffor the Arcticc -- Glaciers -- Coupled Models -- Intercomparison of Different AOGCMs -- C. SIMULATION OF CLIMATE: HOW WELL DO THE MODELS DO? -- Simulating Climates Past and Present -- 1. The Present -- 2. The Past 100 Years -- 3. The Past 1,000 Years -- 4. The Deep Past -- Climate Sensitivity and Forcing Feedbacks -- D. ATTRIBUTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GASES -- Past Hundreds Years Modeled with and without AGHGs -- Height of Tropopause -- Sea Ice Melt -- Multi-Decadal Sea-Level Rise -- E. HOW ACCURATE ARE CLIMATE MODELS? -- Predictions -- Simulations of Coupled Clouds and Aerosol Behavior -- Simulations of Semi-Periodic Variability -- Simulation of Madden Julian Oscillation and the "Double ITCZ" Problem -- Inadequate Resolution of Stratosphere/Troposphere Interactions -- Conclusion -- F. CLIMATE MODELS IN FUTURE -- Computer Size and Speed -- Models -- New Numerical Techniques and Gridding Schemes -- Decadal Predictions -- Regional Simulations -- Expectation for Improvement in Simulation Accuracy in General -- CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 GLOBAL WARMING IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PROPOSITION FROM TRADITIONAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HISTORICAL PURVIEW AND CONCURRENT PERSPECTIVES OF GLOBAL WARMING -- 3. HUMAN IMPACTS UPON CLIMATIC CHANGES -- 4. BUFFERING THE ACTS OF DEROGATION -- 4.1. Ecobalancing: The Nature's Tool of Keeping Resiliency -- 4.2. Role of Plants in Maintaining Climatic Balance -- 5. LINKING TRADITIONAL HEALTH CARE TO GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGES -- 5.1. Traditional Health Care: A Natural Resource Driven System.

5.2. Effect of Global Climatic Changes Upon Traditional Health Care Systems -- 5.3. Proposing Traditional Health Care for Gains Besides Health Care: What It Can Offer to Global Climatic Changes? -- 5.4. Contemporary Thoughts of Sustainability in Traditional Medicine: Glimpses from Ayurveda -- 5.4.1. Elemental Basis of Ancestral Relationship among Components of an Ecosystem -- 5.4.2. Prevention through Avoidance -- 5.4.3. Sustainable Use of Resources: Ayurvedic View of Bioprospecting -- 5.4.4. Sustainable Use of Animals in Human Health -- 6. PILOTING SUSTAINABILITY TO CONTEMPORARY NEEDS -- 6.1. Promoting Health Care in Local Perspectives -- 6.2. Stressing Prevention and Promotion Rather than Curative Aspect of Health Care -- 6.3. Bringing the Evidence Basis to Clinical Practice of Ayurveda -- 6.4. Minimizing Resources Wastage: Adopting the Efficient Technology -- 6.5. Stressing Upon Non Pharmacological Means of Health Care -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 GLOBAL WARMING AND CORAL REEFS: FROM MITIGATION TO GEOENGINEERING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION - CORAL REEFS -- PROJECTED CHANGES IN CORAL REEFS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE -- CORAL BLEACHING -- Ocean Acidification -- Storms and Hurricanes -- Synergies -- Resilience -- Impacts on Reef Biota -- MITIGATION AND GEOENGINEERING -- Geoengineering as a Complement to Mitigation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- Shortwave and Longwave Radiation -- SHORTWAVE SOLAR RADIATION TECHNIQUES -- Shading the Sun -- Aerosols -- Increasing Cloud Albedo -- Increasing Terrestrial Albedo -- LONGWAVE CO2 REMOVAL TECHNIQUES -- Afforestation and Reforestation -- Bio-Char Production -- Air Capture and Storage -- Additions to Oceans -- Ocean Downwelling -- GEOENGINEERING SUMMARY FOR CORALS -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 7 LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTAL WARMING AFFECTS TISSUE C/N RATIOS DIFFERENTLY IN THREE STRONGLY CHIONOPHILOUS ALPINE SPECIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIAL AND METHODS -- Study Site and Species -- Experimental Design -- Statistics -- RESULTS -- Carbon Concentration -- Nitrogen Concentration -- C/N Ratio -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 GLOBAL WARMING IN THE 21ST CENTURY: THE IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN KENYA -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1.Agricultural Potential and Productivity in Kenya -- 1.2. Motivation of the Chapter -- 2. METHODOLOGY -- 2.1. Model Specification -- 2.2. Estimation Issues -- Introduction -- Stationarity Tests -- Cointegration Tests -- 3. DATA TYPES AND SOURCES -- 4. RESULTS -- 4.1. Descriptive Statistics -- 4.2. Normality Test -- 4.3. Stationarity Tests -- 4.4. Cointegration Analysis -- 4.5. Model Specification Test -- 4.6. Diagnostic Tests -- 4.7. Regression Results -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Expert Commentary CLIMATIC CHANGE DUE TO CLUSTERIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.