Contents -- Part I Bioactive Ceramics and Metals -- 1 Introduction to Bioceramics -- 1.1 Bioactive Materials -- 1.1.1 Definitions -- 1.1.2 Common Biomaterials -- 1.1.3 Bioactive Ceramics -- 1.1.4 Biological Apatites -- 1.1.5 Basic Requirements for Bone Implants -- 1.1.6 Coating of Hydroxyapatite on Porous Ceramics -- 1.1.7 Biomaterials in Tissue Attachment -- 1. 2 References -- 2 Bioactive Ceramics: Structure Synthesis and Mechanical Properties -- 2.1 Structure of Hydroxyapatite -- 2.1.1 General Structure and Chemistry of Hydroxyapatite -- 2.1.2 Structural Characteristics of Hydroxyapatite -- 2.1.3 Substituted Apatite -- 2.2 Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Powder -- 2.2.1 Dry Chemical Methods -- 2.2.2 Wet Chemical Methods -- 2.3 Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite -- 2.4 Other Bioceramics -- 2.4.1 Tricalcium Phosphate -- 2.4.2 Bioactive Glasses -- 2.5 References -- 2.6 Problems -- 3 Bioceramic Processing -- 3.1 Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Porous Bioceramics -- 3.1.1 High Temperature Routes -- 3.1.2 Low Temperature Routes -- 3.1.3 Rapid Prototyping Techniques -- 3.1.4 Mechanical Properties of Porous Bioceramics -- 3.2 Coating of Bioceramic Thick Films on Bio-Inert Porous Substrates -- 3.2.1 Slip Casting -- 3.2.2 Electrophoretic Deposition -- 3.2.3 Bioceramic-Glass Slurry Method -- 3.2.4 Thermal Deposition -- 3.2.5 Sol-Gel Synthesis -- 3.2.6 Biomimetic Growth -- 3.3 Coating on Dense Substrates -- 3.3.1 Enameling -- 3.3.2 Plasma-Sprayed Coatings -- 3.3.3 Sputtering -- 3.4 Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Non-Hard Tissue Applications -- 3.5 Composites -- 3.5.1 Bioceramic-Polymer Composite -- 3.5.2 Reinforced Hydroxyapatite -- 3.5.3 Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphate Composite -- 3.6 Summary -- 3.7 References -- 3.8 Problems.

4 Coating of Hydroxyapatite onto Inner Pore Surfaces of the Reticulated Alumina -- 4.1 Hydroxyapatite Coating Methods and Characterization -- 4.1.1 Coating of Hydroxyapatite by the Hydroxyapatite-Glass Slurry Method -- 4.1.2 Coating of Hydroxyapatite by a Thermal Deposition Method -- 4.1.3 Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Film -- 4.1.4 Coating of Hydroxyapatite Using Sol-Gel Synthesis -- 4.2 Adhesion of Hydroxyapatite Film on Alumina Substrate -- 4.3 References -- 4.4 Problems -- 5 Properties and Characterization of Biomaterials -- 5.1 Characterization of Ceramics -- 5.2 Bioactive Properties and Hard Tissue Prosthetics -- 5.2.1 Bone Biology -- 5.2.2 Critical Issues on Interfaces Between the Hard Tissue and Biomaterials -- 5.2.3 Factors that Influence Bioreactivity -- 5.2.4 Bone Implant -- 5.2.5 Bonding Mechanisms -- 5.2.6 In Vitro Behavior of Hydroxyapatite -- 5.3 Measurements of Growth and Dissolution of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics -- 5.4 In vitro Test Conducted in This Research -- 5.5 Mechanical Properties -- 5.6 References -- 5.7 Problems -- 6 Bioactivity of Hydroxyapatite -- 6.1 General Aspects -- 6.2 In vitro Testing Materials and Preparation -- 6.3 Characterization of Immersion Solution -- 6.4 Morphology of the Reacted Surfaces -- 6.5 References -- 6.6 Problems -- 7 Hydroxyapatite Deposition Mechanisms -- 7.1 Material Synthesis and Hydroxyapatite Coating -- 7.1.1 General Aspects on Chemistry Structure and Thermal Behavior of Hydroxyapatite -- 7.1.2 Material Synthesis and Hydroxyapatite Coating -- 7.1.3 Coating of Hydroxyapatite onto Inner Surfaces of Pores in Reticulated Alumina -- 7.1.4 Hydroxyapatite-Glass Slurry Method -- 7.1.5 Thermal Deposition and Sol-Gel Methods -- 7.2 Mechanisms of Bioactivity -- 7.2.1 In vitro Biochemistry Behavior of Hydroxyapatite -- 7.2.2 Growth - Dissolution Mechanism.

7.2.3 Kinetics Models for Crystallization and Dissolution -- 7.2.4 Experimental Determination of Reaction Mechanisms -- 7.2.5 Effect of Heat Treatment on Hydroxyapatite -- 7.2.6 Structural Effect on Bioactivity -- 7.2.7 Temperature Effect on Bioactivity -- 7.2.8 Factors Contributing to Reactivity of Hydroxyapatite -- 7.3 References -- 7.4 Problems -- 8 Biomedical Metallic Materials -- 8.1 Microstructures and Processing -- 8.2 Corrosion Resistance of Metals -- 8.3 Biological Tolerance of Metal -- 8.4 Stainless Steel -- 8.5 Cobalt-Based Alloys -- 8.6 Titanium and Its Alloys -- 8.7 TiNi Shape Memory Alloy -- 8.8 Summary -- 8.9 References -- 8.10 Problems -- Part II Polymeric Biomaterials -- 9 Polymer Basics -- 9.1 Classification of Polymers -- 9.1.1 Source -- 9.1.2 Polymer Chain Structure -- 9.1.3 Polymer Thermal Behavior -- 9.1.4 Polymer Stability -- 9.2 Characteristics of Polymer -- 9.2.1 Degree of Polymerization -- 9.2.2 Polymer Crystals -- 9.2.3 The Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Temperature -- 9.3 Synthesis of Polymers -- 9.3.1 Free Radical Polymerization -- 9.3.2 Condensation Polymerization -- 9.3.3 Other Types of Polymerization -- 9.4 References -- 9.5 Problems -- 10 Naturally Occurring Polymer Biomaterials -- 10.1 General Introduction to Proteins -- 10.2 Collagen -- 10.2.1 Cross-Linking of Collagen -- 10.3 Alginate -- 10.4 Chitin and Chitosan -- 10.5 References -- 10.6 Problems -- 11 Synthetic Non-Biodegradable Polymers -- 11.1 Polyethylene -- 11.1.1 High Density Polyethylene -- 11.1.2 Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene -- 11.2 Poly (methyl methacrylate) -- 11.3 Polyester -- 11.4 Polycarbonate -- 11.5 Polyamides -- 11.6 Polyurethane -- 11.7 Polysulfones -- 11.8 Poly(ether ether ketone) -- 11.9 References -- 11.10 Problems -- 12 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers -- 12.1 Aliphatic Polyester.

12.1.1 Poly(glycolide) -- 12.1.2 Poly(lactide) -- 12.1.3 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) -- 12.1.4 Poly(e-caprolactone) -- 12.1. 5 Poly(para-dioxanone) -- 12.2 Poly (propylene fumarate) -- 12.3 Polyamino Acid -- 12.4 References -- 12.5 Problems -- 13 Polymer Matrix Composite Biomaterials -- 13.1 Fiber Reinforced Composites -- 13.2 Filler Reinforced Composites -- 13.3 Methods to Improve the Interfacial Bonding Between Phases in Composites -- 13.3.1 Self-Reinforcement of Fiber/Polymer Composites -- 13.3.2 Plasma Treatment of Fibers -- 13.3.3 Coupling Agent -- 13.4 References -- 13.5 Problems -- Part III Tissue Engineering: A New Era of Regenerative Medicine -- 14 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering -- 14.1 General Aspects of Biomaterials Used for Tissue Engineering -- 14.2 Representative Biomaterials Used for Tissue Engineering -- 14.2.1 Polymers -- 14.2.2 Bioceramics -- 14.3 Biomaterial Constructs for Tissue Engineering: Scaffolds -- 14.3.1 Definition and Requirements for Scaffolds Used in Tissue Engineering -- 14.3.2 Principles of Scaffold Design -- 14.3.3 Scaffold Fabrication Technologies -- 14.4 References -- 14.5 Problems -- 15 Cells and Biomolecules for Tissue Engineering -- 15.1 Cells for Tissue Engineering -- 15.2 Growth Factor Delivery in Tissue Engineering -- 15.3 Regulatory Matrix Proteins -- 15.4 References -- 15.5 Problems -- 16 Transport and Vascularization in Tissue Engineering -- 16.1 Transport in Engineered Tissue -- 16.2 Vascularization -- 16.2.1 New Blood Vessel Formation -- 16.2.2 Vascularization in Tissue Engineering -- 16.3 References -- 16.4 Problems -- 17 Host Response to Tissue Engineered Grafts -- 17.1 The Foreign Body Response to Synthetic Components -- 17.2 Response to Biological Components -- 17.3 References -- 17.4 Problems.

18 Other Important Issues and Future Challenges in Tissue Engineering -- 18.1 Organ Replacement and Regeneration -- 18.2 Organotypic and Histiotypic Models -- 18.3 Mechanotransduction -- 18.4 Future Challenges -- 18.5 References -- 18.6 Problems.