Front Cover -- Obesity Prevention: The Role of Brain and Society on Individual Behavior -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: On the Brain-to-Society Model of Motivated Choice and the Whole-of-Society Approach to Obesity Prevention -- Part 1. FROM BRAIN TO BEHAVIOR -- A. Energy is Delight: Sensory and Reward Systems -- Chapter 1 The Pleasures and Pains of Brain Regulatory Systems for Eating -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Satiety Agents versus Aversion-Inducing Agents -- 1.3 Various Methodologies to Evaluate Affective Change in Pre-Clinical Appetite Research -- 1.4 Conditioned Taste Aversions - From Animal Models to Human Brain Analysis? -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 The Neurobiology of Appetite: Hunger as Addiction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Hunger as Addiction -- 2.3 Response to Conditioned Cues -- 2.4 Functional Brain Imaging of Cue Reactivity -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Opioids: Culprits for Overconsumption of Palatable Foods? -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Opioids and Feeding Behavior in Rodent Models -- 3.3 Opioids and Dysregulation of Eating Patterns and Body Weight in Human Beings -- 3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4 Taste, Olfactory and Food-texture Processing in the Brain and the Control of Appetite -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Taste-Processing in the Primate Brain -- 4.3 The Representation of Flavor: Convergence of Olfactory, Taste and Visual Inputs in the Orbitofrontal Cortex -- 4.4 The Texture of Food, Including Fat Texture -- 4.5 Imaging Studies in Humans -- 4.6 Cognitive Effects on Representations of Food -- 4.7 Synthesis -- 4.8 Implications for Understanding, Preventing, and Treating Obesity -- 4.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5 Cortical and Limbic Activation in Response to Low- and High-calorie Food.

5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Brain Responses to Food Stimuli in Healthy Adults -- 5.3 Modulating Factors -- 5.4 Cortical and Limbic Activation to Food Images During Adolescent Development -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Reward-related Neuroadaptations Induced by Food Restriction: Pathogenic Potential of a Survival Mechanism -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Food Restriction may Augment Neurobiological Responses to Palatable Food in a Way that Promotes Addictive Behavior -- 6.3 Food Restriction Enhances CNS and Behavioral Responses to Drugs of Abuse and Dopamine Receptor Agonists -- 6.4 Food Restriction Up-regulates D1 Dopamine Receptor-Mediated Phosphorylation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Signaling Proteins that Underlie Synaptic Plasticity -- 6.5 Striatal Neuroadaptations Induced by Food Restriction may be Secondary to Changes in Pre-synaptic Dopamine Neuronal Function -- 6.6 A Schema to Consider as Research Continues -- References -- B. Executive Control Systems and the Challenges They Face in the Modern World of Plenty -- Chapter 7 The Neuroeconomics of Food Selection and Purchase -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Positive Valuations -- 7.3 Influences on Positive Valuations -- 7.4 Negative Valuations -- 7.5 Influences on Negative Valuations -- 7.6 Selection -- 7.7 Habits -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Resisting Temptation: Impulse Control and Trade-offs between Immediate Rewards and Long-term Consequences -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A Neural System for Decision-Making and Will-power: The Somatic Marker Hypothesis -- 8.3 Empirical Evidence for Deficits of Decision-making Underlying Obesity -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Hunger, Satiety, and Food Preferences: Effects of the Brain and the Body on the Self-Control of Eating -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Components of Self-control.

9.3 Physiological Influences on Self-control -- 9.4 Promoting Self-control for a Healthy Body Weight -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Associative Learning and the Control of Food Intake -- 10.1 A Behavioral Reporting of Eating -- 10.2 Eating is a Learned Behavior -- 10.3 Forms of Learned Ingestive Response -- 10.4 Sensory-specific Anticipatory Eating -- 10.5 Diurnal Rhythms and the Learned Response -- 10.6 Nutrients and Cognition -- 10.7 Dietary Fats and Learning -- 10.8 Our Primitive Brain -- References -- Chapter 11 Restrained Eating in a World of Plenty -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Effects of Having Food Cues Present -- 11.3 Response to Food Cues in Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters -- 11.4 Food Photographs and/or Words - Indirect Food Cues -- 11.5 Portion Size as Food Cue -- 11.6 The Removal of Food Cues -- 11.7 Caloric Restriction in Animals and Humans -- 11.8 Is CR Likely to be Effective for Humans? -- 11.9 Caloric Restriction in the Presence of Food Cues -- 11.10 Dieting in a World of Food Cues -- References -- C. Biological Systems that Favor a Positive Energy Balance and Body-weight Increase in a World of Plenty -- Chapter 12 The Genetic Determinants of Ingestive Behavior: Sensory, Energy Homeostasis and Food Reward Aspects of Ingestive Behavior -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Sensory Determinants of Food Intake -- 12.3 Energy Homeostasis Pathways and Food Intake -- 12.4 Reward Circuits and Food Intake -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Development of Human Learned Flavor Likes and Dislikes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Understanding Flavor Perception -- 13.3 Why Innate Flavor-liking is Rare -- 13.4 Flavor-preference Learning -- 13.5 Different Learning Mechanisms Interact to Enhance Flavor-liking -- 13.6 Liking and Intake: The Role of Palatability in Overeating -- 13.7 Acquired Liking as a Driver of Overeating.

13.8 Individual Differences in Learning -- 13.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 14 Biopsychological Factors and Body-weight Stability -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Is Knowledge-based Work a Potential Determinant of the Current Obesity Epidemic? -- 14.3 Is Short Sleep Duration a Potential Determinant of the Current Obesity Epidemic? -- 14.4 Weight Loss: Not Always Beneficial for the Psychological Health -- 14.5 Physical Activity and Diet: What is the Impact on Body-weight Stability? -- 14.6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 15 Nutrition, Epigenomics and the Development of Obesity: How the Genome Learns from Experience -- 15.1 The Basics of Epigenetics and Epigenomics -- 15.2 Epigenetic Marks During Development and Aging -- 15.3 Nutritional Epigenomics -- 15.4 Epigenetics and Brain Function -- 15.5 An Epigenetic Basis for Developmental Programming of Obesity? -- 15.6 Physical Activity, Epigenetic Markings and Obesity -- 15.7 Concluding Comments -- References -- Chapter 16 The Role of Early Life Experiences in Flavor Perception and Delight -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Flavor and the Ontogeny of the Senses -- 16.3 Taste and Development -- 16.4 Learning about Food Flavors -- 16.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 17 Implications of the Glycemic Index in Obesity -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The concept of the Glycemic Index -- 17.3 Mechanisms of Action -- 17.4 Effects of low GI Foods on Appetite, Food Intake and Satiety -- 17.5 GI and Obesity -- 17.6 GI and Diabetes -- 17.7 GI and Cardiovascular Disease -- 17.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18 Characterizing the Homeostatic and Hedonic Markers of the Susceptible Phenotype -- 18.1 The Approach -- 18.2 Susceptible and Resistant Phenotypes -- 18.3 What Would a Susceptible Phenotype Look Like? -- 18.4 What Level of Analysis is Appropriate?.

18.5 Appetite is Not Rocket Science - It is More Complicated -- 18.6 Diversity, Susceptibility and Homeostasis -- 18.7 Hedonics: The Importance of Liking and Wanting -- 18.8 Comparing Susceptible and Resistant Phenotypes -- 18.9 Resistance to Weight Loss - The Other Side of Susceptibility -- 18.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19 The Carnivore Connection: Cross-population Differences in the Prevalence of Genes Producing Insulin Resistance -- 19.1 Background -- 19.2 The Evolution of Insulin Resistance -- 19.3 Determinants of Insulin Resistance -- 19.4 Candidate Genes and Cross-population Genetic Differences -- 19.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 20 Neuroanatomical Correlates of Hunger and Satiaty in Lean and Obese Individuals -- 20.1 Physiology of Hunger and Satiety in Human Eating Behavior -- 20.2 Functional Neuroimaging Evidence -- References -- Chapter 21 Neuroendocrine Stress Response and Its Impact on Eating Behavior and Body Weight -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal Axis -- 21.3 Stress and Food Intake: It is Not all Homeostatic or Automatic -- 21.4 Imaging Studies in Humans -- 21.5 Peripheral Signals Regulating Energy Balance -- 21.6 Conclusion -- References -- D. Integrative and Multi-level Models of Eating and of Energy and Body-weight Regulation -- Chapter 22 Eating Behavior and its Determinants: From Gene to Environment -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Genes -- 22.3 The Environment -- 22.4 Genes - Environment Interactions -- 22.5 A General Model of Intake Regulation -- 22.6 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 23 The Molecular Regulation of Body Weight: The Role of Leptin, Ghrelin and Hypocretin -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Leptin, Ghrelin and Hypocretin -- 23.3 Leptin Protein -- 23.4 Ghrelin Protein -- 23.5 Hypocretin Protein -- 23.6 Concluding Remarks -- References.

Chapter 24 Energy Balance Regulation: Complex Interplay between the Autonomic and Cognitive/Limbic Brains to Control Food Intake and Thermogenesis.