Preface -- List of Contributing Authors -- 1 A new concept of biorefinery comes into operation: the EuroBioRef concept -- 1.1 General context -- 1.1.1 Toward a bio-based economy -- 1.1.2 Biorefineries and the level of integration -- 1.2 The EuroBioRef biorefinery concept, objectives, and methodology -- 1.2.1 Flexibility, adaptability, and multidimensional integration of the EuroBioRef project -- 1.2.2 The concept principles of EuroBioRef -- 1.2.3 The objectives of the EuroBioRef project -- 1.2.4 The EuroBioRef approach to reach the objectives -- 1.2.5 EuroBioRef innovation and expected results (Fig. 1.7) -- 1.2.6 S/T methodology and associated subprojects -- 1.3 Main achievements of the first year of the project -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Refinery of the future: feedstock, processes, products -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Competition -- 2.3 Impact of legislation -- 2.4 Regional impacts -- 2.5 Biorefineries - definitions and examples -- 2.5.1 Arkema's castor oil-based biorefinery -- 2.5.2 Elevance Renewable Sciences oil-based biorefinery -- 2.5.3 Vandeputte oil-based biorefinery -- 2.5.4 The "Les Sohettes" biorefinery -- 2.5.5 The starch-based Cargill biorefinery -- 2.5.6 Other biorefineries -- 2.6 Processing units -- 2.7 Capital cost -- 2.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 The terrestrial biomass: formation and properties (crops and residual biomass) -- 3.1 Residual biomass -- 3.1.1 Straw -- 3.1.2 Wood -- 3.2 The oil crops -- 3.2.1 Castor seed (Ricinus communis L, Euphorbiaceae) -- 3.2.2 Crambe (Crambe abysinica Hochst ex R.E. Fries, Brassicaceae/Crucifera) -- 3.2.3 Cuphea (Cuphea sp., Lythraceae) -- 3.2.4 Lesquerella (Lesquerella fendlheri L, Communis L, Cruciferae/Brassicaceae) -- 3.2.5 Lunaria (Lunaria annua L, Brassicaciae/Crusiferae).

3.2.6 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L, Compositae) -- 3.3 The lignocellulosic crops -- 3.3.1 Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L, Compositae) -- 3.3.2 Giant reed -- 3.3.3 Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus, Poaceae) -- 3.3.4 Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L, Poaceae) -- References -- 4 Production of aquatic biomass and extraction of bio-oil -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Characterization of aquatic biomass and its cultivation -- 4.2.1 Macro-algae -- 4.2.2 Micro-algae -- 4.3 Harvesting of aquatic biomass -- 4.3.1 Macro-algae -- 4.3.2 Micro-algae -- 4.4 Composition of aquatic biomass -- 4.5 Bio-oil content of aquatic biomass -- 4.6 The quality of bio-oil -- 4.7 Technologies for algal oil and chemicals extraction -- 4.7.1 Conventional solvent extraction -- 4.7.2 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) -- 4.7.3 Mechanical extraction -- 4.7.4 Biological extraction -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Biomass pretreatment: separation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin - existing technologies and perspectives -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biomass composition -- 5.3 Physical and physicochemical pretreatments of biomass -- 5.3.1 Mechanical pretreatments -- 5.3.2 Irradiation -- 5.3.3 Pyrolysis -- 5.3.4 Torrefaction -- 5.3.5 Steam explosion and liquid hot water -- 5.3.6 Ammonia fiber explosion -- 5.3.7 CO2 explosion -- 5.4 Chemical pretreatments -- 5.4.1 Alkaline hydrolysis -- 5.4.2 Acid hydrolysis -- 5.4.3 Ozonolysis -- 5.4.4 Organosolv processes -- 5.4.5 Ionic liquid pretreatments -- 5.5 Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- 6 Conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose into platform molecules: chemical routes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Selective transformation of sugars to platform molecules -- 6.2.1 Dehydration of hexoses into furan compounds: 5-HMF and derivates.

6.2.2 Dehydration of pentoses into furans: synthesis of furfural and derivatives -- 6.3 Catalytic routes for the aqueous-phase conversion of sugars and derivatives into liquid hydrocarbons for transportation fuels -- 6.3.1 Conversion of HMF and furfural platform chemicals into hydrocarbon fuels -- 6.3.2 Aqueous phase reforming of sugars -- 6.3.3 Conversion of levulinic acid platform into hydrocarbon fuels -- 6.4 Future outlook -- References -- 7 Conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin into platform molecules: biotechnological approach -- 7.1 History of bioethanol from wood -- 7.2 Case history: 40 years experience from running a biorefinery -- 7.2.1 From commodity pulp to a range of specialty chemicals -- 7.2.2 Profitability from a range of co-products -- 7.2.3 Composition of feedstock is given - demand is never in balance -- 7.2.4 Continuous need for product development -- 7.2.5 High-value biomass for products - low-value organic waste for energy -- 7.2.6 Long-term commitment to sustainability has given results -- 7.3 The sugar platform - biotechnological approach -- 7.3.1 Less-expensive feedstocks for low-value products - high-value coproducts from costly feedstocks -- 7.3.2 The sugar platform process train and the major challenges -- 7.3.3 The challenge of making chemicals and materials from lignin -- 7.3.4 Fermentation, distilling, and dewatering -- 7.4 The BALI pretreatment and separation process -- 7.4.1 The BALI process - technical description -- 7.4.2 The BALI process - beneficial enzymatic hydrolysis -- 7.4.3 The BALI process - high-value products from all three main components of the lignocellulosic feedstock -- 7.5 Pilot plant for the BALI process -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Conversion of lignin: chemical technologies and biotechnologies - oxidative strategies in lignin upgrade.

8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Lignin structure, pretreatment, and use in the biorefinery -- 8.2.1 Lignin structure -- 8.2.2 Lignin pretreatment -- 8.2.3 Potential sources of biorefinery lignin -- 8.2.4 The use of lignin in current and future biorefinery schemes -- 8.3 Oxidative strategies in lignin chemistry: a new environmentally friendly approach for the valorization of lignin -- 8.3.1 Oxidation of lignin by biocatalysis processes -- 8.3.2 Catalysis -- 8.4 Concluding remarks -- References -- 9 Process development and metabolic engineering for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Pretreatment -- 9.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis and detoxification -- 9.3.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis -- 9.3.2 Fermentation inhibitors -- 9.3.3 Detoxification -- 9.4 Fermentation -- 9.4.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) -- 9.4.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) -- 9.4.3 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) -- 9.4.4 Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) -- 9.5 Microbial biocatalysts -- 9.5.1 Escherichia coli -- 9.5.2 Z. mobilis -- 9.5.3 Other bacteria -- 9.5.4 S. cerevisiae -- 9.5.5 Other yeasts -- References -- 10 Catalytic conversion of biosourced raw materials: homogeneous catalysis -- 10.1 Lignocellulosic biomass -- 10.1.1 Acid-catalyzed fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass -- 10.1.2 Homogeneously catalyzed conversion of cellulose and related polysaccharides -- 10.1.3 Synergistic effect between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis -- 10.2 Vegetable oils -- 10.2.1 Catalytic conversion of renewable alkenes -- 10.2.2 Catalytic conversion of glycerol -- 10.3 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Catalytic conversion of oils extracted from seeds: from polyunsaturated long chains to functional molecules -- 11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Reactions occurring on the carboxyl group of fatty acids/esters -- 11.2.1 Hydrolysis -- 11.2.2 Transesterification -- 11.2.3 Esterification -- 11.2.4 Amidation -- 11.2.5 Reduction of the carboxyl function -- 11.2.6 Polycondensation -- 11.3 Reactions occurring on the double bond(s) (unsaturation) of fatty acids/esters -- 11.3.1 Hydrogenation -- 11.3.2 Dimerization -- 11.3.3 Epoxidation -- 11.3.4 Metathesis -- 11.3.5 Isomerization -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Heterogeneous catalysis applied to the conversion of biogenic substances, platform molecules, and oils -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Use of heterogeneous catalysis in the conversion of biogenic platform molecules -- 12.2.1 Conversion of terpenes -- 12.3 Conversion of lipids: the established technology -- 12.4 Innovation in the production of FAMEs -- 12.4.1 Hydrolytic esterification of lipids -- 12.4.2 Water-free simultaneous transesterification of lipids and esterification of FFAs -- 12.4.3 The quality of bio-oil -- 12.5 Hydroprocessing -- 12.6 Glycerol valorization -- References -- 13 Biomass gasification: gas production and cleaning for diverse applications - CHP and chemical syntheses -- 13.1 Introduction to biomass gasification -- 13.1.1 Biomass as a feedstock for thermochemical processes -- 13.1.2 Basics of biomass gasification -- 13.1.3 Types of gasifiers -- 13.2 Thermodynamics of biomass gasification -- 13.3 Syngas quality for CHP systems -- 13.4 Syngas quality of chemical syntheses -- 13.4.1 Gas cleaning systems for biomass syngas impurities -- References -- 14 From Syngas to fuels and chemicals: chemical and biotechnological routes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Uses of syngas -- 14.2.1 Syngas as a chemical feedstock -- 14.2.2 Syngas as a fuel -- 14.2.3 Diesel fuels from syngas: the Fischer-Tropsch process.

14.3 The exploitation of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction in a biorefinery.