Front Cover -- Sustainable Design Through Process Integration -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to Sustainability, Sustainable Design, and Process Integration -- What is Sustainability? -- What is Sustainable Design Through Process Integration -- Motivating Examples on the Generation and Integration of Sustainable Design Alternatives -- Structure and Learning Outcomes of the Book -- References -- 2 Overview of Process Economics -- Cost Types and Estimation -- Depreciation -- Break-Even Analysis -- Time-Value of Money -- Profitabilty Analysis -- Homework problems -- References -- 3 Benchmarking Process Performance Through Overall Mass Targeting -- Stoichiometry-Based Targeting -- Mass-Integration Targeting -- Mass Integration Strategies for Attaining the Targets -- Homework problems -- References -- 4 Direct-Recycle Networks: A Graphical Approach -- Problem Statement for the Design of Direct-Recycle Networks -- Selection of Sources, Sinks, and Recycle Routes -- Direct-Recycle Targets through Material Recycle Pinch Diagram -- Design Rules from the Material Recycle Pinch Diagram -- Extension to the Case of Impure Fresh -- Insights for Process Modifications -- The Source-Sink Mapping Diagram for Matching Sources and Sinks -- Multicomponent Source-Sink Mapping Diagram -- Homework problems -- References -- 5 Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks: A Graphical Approach -- Mass-Exchange Network Synthesis Task -- The MEN-Targeting Approach -- The Corresponding Composition Scales -- The Mass-Exchange Pinch Diagram -- Constructing Pinch Diagrams without Process MSAs -- Construction of the Men Configuratiovn with Minimum Number of Exchangers -- Trading Off Fixed Cost versus Operating Cost -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 6 Combining Mass-Integration Strategies.

Process Representation from a Mass-Integration Species Perspective -- Homework Problems -- References -- 7 Heat Integration -- HEN-Synthesis Problem Statement -- Minimum Utility Targets via the Thermal Pinch Diagram -- Minimum Utility Targets Using the Algebraic Cascade Diagram -- Screening of Multiple Utilities Using the Grand Composite Representation -- Stream Matching and the Synthesis of Heat-Exchange Networks -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 8 Integration of Combined Heat and Power Systems -- Heat Engines -- Steam Turbines and Power Plants -- Placement of Heat Engines and Integration with Thermal Pinch Analysis -- Heat Pumps -- Closed-Cycle Vapor-Compression Heat Pumps Using a Separate Working Fluid (Refrigerant) -- Vapor-Compression Heat Pumps and Thermal Pinch Diagram -- Open-Cycle Mechanical Vapor Recompression Using a Process Stream as the Working Fluid -- Absorption Refrigeration Cycles -- Cogeneration Targeting -- Additional Readings -- Homework Problems -- References -- 9 Property Integration -- Property-Based Material Recycle/reuse Pinch Diagram -- Process Modification Based on Property-Based Pinch Diagram -- Clustering Techniques for Multiple Properties -- Cluster-Based Source-Sink Mapping Diagram for Property-Based Recycle and Interception -- Property-Based Design Rules for Recycle and Interception -- Dealing with Multiplicity of Cluster-to-Property Mapping (El-Halwagi et al., 2004) -- Relationship Between Clusters and Mass Fractions -- Additional Readings -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 10 Direct-Recycle Networks: An Algebraic Approach -- Problem Statement -- Algebraic Targeting Approach -- Algebraic Targeting Procedure -- Case Study: Targeting for Water Usage and Discharge in a Formic Acid Plant -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References.

11 Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks: An Algebraic Approach -- The Composition-Interval Diagram -- Table of Exchangeable Loads -- Mass-Exchange Cascade Diagram -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 12 Synthesis of Heat-Induced Separation Networks for Condensation of Volatile Organic Compounds -- Problem Statement -- System Configuration -- Integration of Mass and Heat Objectives -- Design Approach -- Special Case: Dilute Waste Streams -- Effect of Pressure -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 13 Design of Membrane-Separation Systems -- Classification of Membrane Separations -- Reverse-Osmosis Systems -- Designing Systems of Multiple Reverse-Osmosis Modules -- Homework Problems -- Symbols -- Greek letters -- Subscripts -- Superscripts -- References -- 14 Overview of Optimization -- What Is Mathematical Programming? -- How to Formulate an Optimization Model? -- Using the Software LINGO to Solve Optimization Problems -- Interpreting Dual Prices in the Results of a Lingo Solution -- A Brief Introduction to Sets, Convex Analysis, and Symbols Used in Optimization -- The Use of 0-1 Binary-Integer Variables -- Enumerating Multiple Solutions Using Integer Cuts -- Modeling Disjunctions and Discontinuous Functions with Binary Integer Variables -- Using Set Formulations in Lingo -- Homework Problems -- References -- 15 An Optimization Approach to Direct Recycle -- Problem Statement -- Problem Representation -- Optimization Formulation -- Additional Readings -- Homework problems -- References -- 16 Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks: A Mathematical Programming Approach -- Generalization of the Composition Interval Diagram -- Problem Formulation -- Optimization of Outlet Compositions -- Stream Matching and Network Synthesis -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 17 Synthesis of Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks.

Objectives of Reamen Synthesis -- Corresponding Composition Scales for Reactive Mass Exchange -- Synthesis Approach -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 18 Mathematical Optimization Techniques for Mass Integration -- Problem Statement and Challenges -- Synthesis of MSA-Induced interception networks -- Developing Strategies for Segregation, Mixing, and Direct Recycle -- Integration of Interception with Segregation, Mixing, and Recycle -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 19 Mathematical Techniques for the Synthesis of Heat-Exchange Networks -- Targeting for Minimum Heating and Cooling Utilities -- Stream Matching and HEN Synthesis -- Handling Scheduling and Flexibility Issues in HEN Synthesis -- Homework Problems -- Nomenclature -- References -- 20 Synthesis of Combined Heat and Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks -- Synthesis of Combined Heat and Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks -- Homework Problem -- Nomenclature -- References -- 21 Design of Integrated Biorefineries -- Conceptual Design of a Biorefinery -- Techno-Economic Assessment of a Biorefinery -- References -- 22 Macroscopic Approaches of Process Integration -- Eco-Industrial Parks -- Material Flow Analysis and Reverse Problem Formulation for Watersheds -- Process Integration as an Enabling Tool in Environmental Impact Assessment -- Process Integration in Life Cycle Analysis -- Nomenclature -- References -- 23 Concluding Thoughts: Launching Successful Process-Integration Initiatives and Applications -- Commercial Applicability -- Pitfalls in Implementing Process Integration -- Starting and Sustaining PI Initiatives and Projects -- References -- I. Conversion Relationships for Concentrations and Conversion Factors for Units -- Basic relationships for Converting Concentrations -- Key Conversion Factors for Different Sets of Units.

II. Modeling of Mass-Exchange Units for Environmental Applications -- What Is a Mass Exchanger? -- Equilibrium -- Interphase Mass Transfer -- Types and Sizes of Mass Exchangers -- Minimizing Cost of Mass-Exchange Systems -- Homework Problems -- References -- Index.