Dedication -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Universalism and Governance -- Julian the Emperor and Gregory the Theologian -- Gregory and the Bishops -- Julian and Gregory in Context -- Part One -- 1. Nazianzus and the Eastern Empire, 330-361 -- Nazianzus and Gregory: The Personal and the Local -- Constantinople: Emperor, Cosmopolis, and Cosmos -- Constantius's Triumph: Unity and Harmony, 358-360 -- Reversal: Constantius and Julian Augustus, 360-361 -- 2. Julian, from Caesar to Augustus: Paris to Constantinople, 355-362 -- Toward Constantinople: From Caesar to Augustus, 360-361 -- Julian's Concepts of Leadership: Philosopher and King -- 3. Philosopher, Leader, Priest: Julian in Constantinople, Spring 362 -- The Context of Julian's Concepts of the True Philosophical Life -- A Philosopher as Leader, in Julian's Own Words: Against the Cynic Heraclius -- A Universal Divinity for a Universal Empire -- or, How to Interpret Myth: Hymn to the Mother of the Gods -- How to Achieve True Philosophy: Against the Uneducated Cynics -- The Law Regarding Teachers -- Part Two -- 4. On the True Philosophical Life and Ideal Christian Leadership: Gregory's Inaugural Address, Oration 2 -- A High-Wire Act: The True Philosophical Life as the Model of Priesthood in Late Antiquity 153 -- The Codes of Aptitude -- 5. The Most Potent Pharmakon: Gregory the Elder and Nazianzus -- The Other High-Wire Act: Fathers and Sons -- The Royal Road: Gregory the Elder's Opponents at Nazianzus -- 6. Armed like a Hoplite-Gregory the Political Philosopher at War: Eunomius, Photinus, and Julian -- Oikeiōsis pros Theon as Political Philosophy -- The Enemy on the Inside: Photinus and Eunomius -- What Do Words Mean? -- Oikeiōsis pros Theon: Oration 2 against Eunomius -- Part Three.

7. A Health-Giving Star Shining on the East: Julian in Antioch, July 362 to March 363 -- The Emperor as Priest -- Julian's Divine Mandate -- The Platonic Philosopher-King: The Misopogon and Julian's Universal Vision -- 8. The Making of the Apostate: Gregory's Oration 4 against Julian -- The Pillar of Infamy: An Inverted Fürstenspiegel -- Imperial Decrees and Divine Enactments: Julian and Constantius -- 9. A Bloodless Sacrifice of Words to the Word: Logoi for the Logos -- Myth and Allegory -- Logoi: The Theological Implications -- Apostasis versus Theōsis -- or, True Oikeiōsis pros Theon -- Oration 6, On Peace: Unity and Concord -- 10. Gregory's Second Strike, Oration 5 -- The Pagan Context -- Gregory's Second Strike against the Pagans -- Procopius versus Valens -- Conclusion: Visions of Rome -- Governing the Oikoumenē -- Authority and Kinship of the Elites -- Competing Universalisms -- Bibliography -- Index.