Front cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- List of Reviewers for Chapters in This Volume -- 1. Historical Foundations -- I. ORIGIN OF THE LABORATORY RAT -- A. Earliest Records -- B. Earliest Experiments -- II. THE WISTAR INSTITUTE -- A. Background -- B. Milton J. Greenman -- C. Henry H. Donaldson -- D. Contributions of Donaldson's Colleagues -- E. The Wistar Rat Colony -- F. Wistar under Edmund Farris -- G. The Modern Era at Wistar -- III. BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH -- A. Doctoral Students at Clark University -- B. Watson and Meyer -- IV. NUTRITION AND BIOCHEMISTRY -- A. McCollum and the McCollum-Pratt Institute -- B. Osborne and Mendel -- C. Henry C. Sherman -- V. ENDOCRINOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY -- A. Long and Evans -- B. Evans and The Institute of Experimental Biology -- VI. GENETICS -- A. Castle and The Bussey Institution of Harvard -- B. Castle's Second Career -- VII. CANCER RESEARCH INSTITUTES -- A. The Crocker Institute of Cancer Research -- B. The Detroit Institute for Cancer Research -- C. The University of Miami and Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute -- VIII. OTHER STOCKS OF RATS -- A. Sprague-Dawley -- B. Albany Strain -- C. Hunt's Caries-Susceptible and Caries-Resistant Strains -- D. The Oldest Rat Stock and the PAR/Lou Strain -- IX. GENEALOGY OF MAJOR RAT STOCKS AND STRAINS -- X. GNOTOBIOLOGY: RATS WITHOUT MICROFLORA -- A. Gustafsson at the University of Lund -- B. Reyniers and The Lobund Institute -- XI. SECURING THE FOUNDATIONS -- A. Funding: Role of The National Institutes of Health -- B. Health: Eliminating Pathogens and Nutrients as Variables -- C. Genetics: Repositories and Standards -- D. Information: Dissemination and Exchange -- XII. EPILOGUE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2. Ethical and Legal Perspectives -- I. INTRODUCTION.

II. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- A. The Principles of Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement -- B. Ethical Concepts and Legal Implementation -- III. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT FOR LABORATORY RATS -- A. Contributions of Russell and Burch -- B. Enrichment Goals -- C. Testing Methods -- D. Cage Size, Design and Flooring -- E. Bedding, Nesting Material and Nest Boxes -- F. Inanimate Objects (Toys andTubes) -- G. Single versus Group Housing -- IV. LEGALAND REGULATORY ISSUES -- A. U.S. Legislation, Policies, and Guidelines Governing Laboratory Rats -- B. Reduction of Regulatory Burden in Laboratory Animal Welfare -- C. U.S. Animal WelfareAct ( 1966-1990) -- D. USDA Regulations Related to Rats, Mice and Birds -- REFERENCES -- 3. Taxonomy and Stocks and Strains -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. TAXONOMY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION -- III. ADAPTATION TO THE LABORATORY -- IV. STOCKS AND STRAINS OF LABORATORY RATS -- A. Outbred Stocks -- B. Inbred Strains -- V. NOMENCLATURE -- A. Nomenclature Rules for Outbred Stocks -- B. Nomenclature Rules for Inbred Strains -- VI. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4. Morphophysiology -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GENERAL APPEARANCE -- A. Head and Body -- B. External Reproductive Genitalia -- C. Skeletal Structure -- D. Musculature -- E. Superficial Glands of the Head and Neck -- F. Multilocular Adipose Tissue -- G. Tissues and Organs Associated with Special Senses -- III. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM -- A. Mouth and Buccal Cavity -- B. Esophagus -- C. Stomach -- D. Small Intestine -- E. Cecum -- F. Large Intestine -- G. Rectum and Anus -- H. Accessory Organs -- IV. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM -- A. Upper Respiratory System -- B. Lower Respiratory System -- V. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM -- A. Heart -- B. Peripheral Circulation -- VI. URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS -- A. Kidneys -- B. Male Reproductive System -- C. Female Reproductive System -- VII. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

A. Hypothalamus -- B. Pituitary Gland -- C. Thyroid and Parathyroid -- D. Adrenals -- E. Pancreas -- F. Reproductive Organs -- G. Miscellaneous -- VIII. NERVOUS SYSTEM -- A. Peripheral Nervous System -- B. Central Nervous System -- REFERENCES -- 5.Clinical Pathology of the Rat -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. CONSIDERATIONS OF BLOOD, URINE COLLECTION AND SAMPLE HANDLING -- A. Collection of Blood -- B. Effects of Freezing or Hemolysis -- C. Collection of Urine -- D. Estrous Cycle -- III. USE OF REFERENCE INTERVALS IN DATA INTERPRETATION -- IV. HEMATOLOGY, CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, URINALYSIS AND BLOOD COAGULATION -- A. Hematology Tests -- B. Coagulation Tests -- C. Clinical Chemistry Tests -- D. Urinalysis Tests -- V. INTERPRETATION OF DISEASE STATES IN THE RAT -- A. Hematopoietic Neoplasia -- B. Bone Marrow Toxicity -- C. Decreased Red Cell Mass -- D. Hepatobiliary Disease -- E. Renal Disease -- F. Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Disease -- G. Pancreatic Disease -- H. Gastrointestinal Disease -- I. Skeletal Disease -- J. Acid-Base Abnormalities -- K. Responses of the Rat to Stress -- L. Effects of Fasting -- M. Compound-Induced Hypothyroidism -- N. Acute-Phase Responses in the Rat -- O. Abnormalities of Blood Coagulation in the Rat -- VI. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6. Reproduction and Breeding -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. NORMATIVE BIOLOGY -- A. Determination of Sex -- B. Puberty and Gonadotropins -- C. Estrous Cycle -- D. Mating and Reproductive Behavior -- E. Pregnancy and Pregnancy Detection -- F. Gestation -- G. Parturition -- H. Lactation and Pup Development -- I. Weaning -- J. Male Reproductive Development -- K. Reproductive Senescence -- III. FACTORS AFFECTING BREEDING PERFORMANCE -- A. Light -- B. Noise -- C. Vibration -- D. Pheromones and Odors -- E. Litter Size and Characteristics -- F. Diet and Food Intake, Caloric Restriction, and Phytoestrogens -- G. Health.

H. Caging (Micro and Macro Environments) -- I. Handling and Experimental Stress -- IV. BREEDING -- A. Breeding Schemes -- B. Record Keeping -- REFERENCES -- 7. Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Genetic Modifications in Rats -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY -- A. Gamete, Embryo, and Gonad Recovery -- B. Generation of Rat Embryos -- C. Rat Embryo Transfer -- III. GENOME BANKING -- A. Embryo Cryopreservation -- B. Sperm, Spermatid, and Spermatogonia Cryopreservation -- C. Oocyte Cryopreservation -- D. Ovarian and Testicular Tissue Cryopreservation -- IV. GENETICMODIFICATIONS -- A. Transgenic Technology -- B. Gene Knockout Technology -- V. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8. Analysis of Behavior in Laboratory Rats -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES -- A. Video Recording -- B. Video Analysis -- III. THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL EXAMINATION -- A. Appearance -- B. Example of Analysis of Appearance -- C. Body Weight -- D. Body Temperature -- E. Response to Handling -- IV. SENSORIMOTOR BEHAVIOR -- A. Home Cage -- B. Orienting -- C. Open Field Behavior -- V. IMMOBILITY AND ASSOCIATED REFLEXES -- A. Postural Reflexes -- B. Postural Support -- C. Placing Responses -- D. Bracing Responses -- E. Righting Response -- VI. LOCOMOTION -- A. Warm-up -- B. Turning -- C. Walking and Running -- D. Exploration -- E. Swimming -- F. Circadian Activity -- VII. SKILLED MOVEMENT -- A. Beam Walking -- B. Skilled Forelimb Movement -- VIII. SPECIES-TYPICAL BEHAVIORS -- A. Grooming -- B. Food Hoarding -- C. Foraging and Diet Selection -- D. Nest Building -- E. Social Behavior -- F. Aggression -- G. Sexual Behavior -- H. Care of Young -- I. Play -- IX. LEARNING -- A. Memory -- B. Passive Avoidance -- C. Defensive Burying -- D. Object Recognition -- E. Conditioned Place Preferences -- F. Spatial Navigation.

X. INDUCED-BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS -- XI. COMMENTS ON GENERALIZING FROM BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS -- XII. L'ENVOIE -- REFERENCES -- 9. Nutrition -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS -- III. REQUIRED NUTRIENTS -- A. Protein and Amino Acids -- B. Energy -- C. Fat -- D. Carbohydrates -- E. Fiber -- F. Minerals -- G. Vitamins -- H. Water -- IV. NATURAL-OCCURRING CONTAMINANTS -- A. Non-Nutrient Constituents of Diets that have Biological Consequences -- B. Mycotoxins, Aflatoxins, and Fumonisins -- V. DIET RESTRICTION -- VI. CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION OF DIETS -- A. Natural Ingredient Diets -- B. Purified Diets -- C. Chemically Defined Diets -- D. Closed Formula Diets -- E. Open Formula Diets -- VII. DIET STERILIZATION -- VIII. DIET FORMULATION -- IX. DIET MANUFACTURE -- X. PHYSICAL FORMS OF RAT DIETS -- XI. DIET STORAGE -- REFERENCES -- 10. Housing and Environment -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. HOUSING -- A. Facility Design -- B. Primary Enclosures -- C. Population Density -- D. Individual Versus Group Housing -- III. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -- A. Temperature, Humidity, and Ventilation -- B. Light -- C. Noise -- IV. FEED, WATER, AND BEDDING -- A. Feed -- B. Water -- C. Bedding -- V. CHEMICAL FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- A. Gaseous Pollutants -- B. Pesticides -- C. Drugs -- D. Cleaners, Deodorizers, and Chemical Sterilants -- VI. MISCELLANEOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -- A. Stress and Stressors -- B. Personnel Factors -- C. Environmental Enrichment -- VII. DISASTER PLANNING -- VIII. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11. Bacterial, Mycoplasmal and Mycotic Infections -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS -- A. Streptobacillosis (Streptobacillus moniliformis) -- B. Spirochetosis (Spirillum minus) -- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection -- D. Enterococcus sp. Infection -- E. Pseudomoniasis (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) -- F. Helicobacter Infection.

G. Clostridiumpiliforme Infection (Tyzzer's Disease).