Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Stratospheric Ozone Layer -- 1.1.1 Early Observations of Stratospheric Ozone -- 1.1.2 The Chemistry of Stratospheric Ozone -- 1.1.3 The Distribution of Ozone in the Stratosphere -- 1.2 Anthropogenic Influence on the Stratospheric Ozone Layer -- 1.2.1 Increase in Halogen Source Gases in the Atmosphere -- 1.2.2 Upper Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -- 1.3 Polar Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -- 1.3.1 The Antarctic Ozone Hole -- 1.3.2 Arctic Ozone Depletion -- 1.3.3 Chemical Mechanisms of Polar Ozone Depletion -- 1.4 The Future of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer -- 1.4.1 Projections of Future Stratospheric Ozone Recovery -- 1.4.2 The World Avoided by the Montreal Protocol -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Source Gases that Affect Stratospheric Ozone -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Longer-lived Halogenated Source Gases -- 2.2.1 The Timescales and Processes that Remove Ozone-depleting Substances from the Atmosphere -- 2.2.2 The Relative Contribution of Human vs. Natural Sources to Ozone-depleting Halogen -- 2.2.3 Measuring and Interpreting Modern-day Changes in the Atmospheric Abundance of Ozone-depleting Substances -- 2.2.4 Long-lived Halogen-containing Gases Emitted from Natural Processes -- 2.2.5 Systematic Changes in Total Tropospheric Chlorine and Bromine from Long-lived ODSs -- 2.3 Very Short-lived Substances: Accounting for All of the Chlorine and Bromine in the Stratosphere -- 2.4 Past and Future Changes in Total Atmospheric Halogen Loading -- 2.5 Non-halogenated Gases that Affect Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry -- 2.5.1 Methane (CH4) -- 2.5.2 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) -- 2.5.3 Sulfur Compounds -- 2.6 The Contributions of Ozone-depleting Gases to Changes in Climate -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Stratospheric Halogen Chemistry.

3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A Brief History of Halogen Chemistry -- 3.3 Overview of Stratospheric Halogen Chemistry, Abundances and Partitioning -- 3.3.1 Abundances -- 3.3.2 Partitioning -- 3.3.3 Chlorine versus Bromine Chemistry -- 3.4 Halogen Catalyzed Ozone Loss Cycles in the Stratosphere -- 3.4.1 The ClO Dimer Cycle -- 3.4.2 The ClO/BrO Cycle -- 3.5 ClOOCl Photolysis -- 3.6 Halogen Chemistry in the Upper Troposphere and Lowermost Stratosphere (UTLS) -- 3.6.1 The Inorganic Bromine Budget -- 3.6.2 Chlorine Chemistry in the Tropopause Region -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Sulfate Aerosol Particles: Microphysics, Denitrification and Heterogeneous Chemistry -- 4.1 Historical Overview -- 4.2 Distribution and Composition of PSCs -- 4.2.1 LiDAR-based PSC Classification -- 4.2.2 Antarctic PSC Diversity -- 4.2.3 Arctic Measurements of STS and NAT -- 4.3 Nucleation Mechanisms of NAT-PSCs -- 4.3.1 Ice-assisted NAT Nucleation -- 4.3.2 NAT Nucleation Without Ice -- 4.3.3 Summary on NAT Nucleation -- 4.4 Simulation of NAT-Rock Formation and Denitrification -- 4.4.1 Simple Fixed Grid Simulations -- 4.4.2 Lagrangian Modeling with Constant Volume or Ice-induced NAT Nucleation -- 4.5 Heterogeneous Reaction Rates on PSCs and Cold Sulfate Aerosols -- 4.6 Which Type of Particles-Solid NAT vs. Liquid STS-Control Chlorine Activation? -- 4.7 Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 5 Ozone Loss in the Polar Stratosphere -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Antarctic Ozone Loss -- 5.2.1 Main Features of the Antarctic Ozone Hole -- 5.2.2 Chemical Ozone Loss in the Antarctic Vortex -- 5.3 Arctic Ozone Loss -- 5.3.1 Natural Variability in Stratospheric Ozone over the Arctic -- 5.3.2 Chemical Ozone Loss in the Arctic Vortex -- 5.3.3 Interannual Variability in Ozone Loss in the Arctic Vortex -- 5.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements.

References -- CHAPTER 6 Mid-latitude Ozone Depletion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Observations of Past Mid-latitude Changes -- 6.2.1 Column Ozone -- 6.2.2 Ozone Profile -- 6.3 Understanding of Mid-latitude Ozone Depletion -- 6.3.1 Chemical Processes -- 6.3.2 Dynamical Contributions -- 6.3.3 Other Factors Affecting Mid-latitude Ozone -- 6.3.4 Assessment Model Calculations -- 6.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Impact of Polar Ozone Loss on the Troposphere -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Antarctic -- 7.2.1 Ozone Depletion Effect on the Stratosphere -- 7.2.2 Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on the Troposphere and Ocean -- 7.2.2.1 Tropospheric Circulation -- 7.2.2.2 Surface Climate -- 7.2.2.3 Ocean -- 7.2.3 Mechanisms of Tropospheric Response to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -- 7.2.3.1 Radiative Effects -- 7.2.3.2 Zonal-mean Dynamics -- 7.2.3.3 Zonal Asymmetry Effects -- 7.2.4 Future Changes -- 7.3 Arctic -- 7.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Impact of Climate Change on the Stratospheric Ozone Layer -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Impact of Enhanced Greenhouse Gas Concentrations on Radiation and Chemistry -- 8.2.1 Past Temperature Changes -- 8.2.2 Expected Future Temperature Changes -- 8.2.3 Temperature Ozone Feedback -- 8.3 Impact of Enhanced Greenhouse Gas Concentrations on Stratospheric Dynamics -- 8.3.1 Importance of Atmospheric Waves -- 8.3.2 The Brewer-Dobson Circulation and Mean Age of Air -- 8.3.3 The Role of Sea Surface Temperatures -- 8.4 Coupling of the Stratosphere and the Troposphere in a Changing Climate -- 8.4.1 Stratosphere-troposphere Coupling -- 8.4.2 The Tropical and the Extra-tropical Tropopause Layer -- 8.4.3 Expected Future Changes -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Stratospheric Ozone in the 21st Century -- 9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Models and Simulations -- 9.2.1 Chemistry-climate Models -- 9.2.2 Simulations -- 9.2.3 Evaluation -- 9.3 Changes in Major Factors Affecting Stratospheric Ozone -- 9.3.1 Stratospheric Halogens -- 9.3.2 Temperature -- 9.3.3 Transport -- 9.3.4 Other Factors -- 9.4 Projections of the Behavior of Ozone -- 9.4.1 Tropical Ozone -- 9.4.2 Mid-latitude Ozone -- 9.4.3 Springtime Polar Ozone -- 9.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Impact of Geo-engineering on Stratospheric Ozone and Climate -- 10.1 Motivation for Proposed Geo-engineering Approaches -- 10.2 Impact of Major Volcanic Eruptions on Climate and Ozone -- 10.2.1 Impact on Climate and Stratospheric Dynamics -- 10.2.2 Impact on Stratospheric Ozone -- 10.3 Impact of Geo-engineering on Climate and Ozone -- 10.3.1 Impact of Geo-engineering on Surface Temperature and Precipitation -- 10.3.2 Impact on Atmospheric Temperatures and Dynamics -- 10.3.3 Impact of Geo-engineering on Stratospheric Ozone -- 10.3.4 Impact of Geo-engineering on Polar Ozone -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Subject Index.