About the editors -- List of tables -- 1.1 Land requirements for biofuel production -- 2.1 Total amount of above ground biomass -- 2.2 Energy inputs and costs of corn production per hectare in the United States -- 2.3 Inputs per 1,000 litres of 99.5% ethanol produced from corn -- 2.4 Average inputs and energy inputs per hectare per year for switchgrass production -- 2.5 Inputs per 1,000 litres of 99.5% ethanol produced from US switchgrass -- 2.6 Energy inputs and costs in soybean production per hectare in the US -- 2.7 Inputs per 1,000 kg of biodiesel oil from soybeans -- 3.1 Ethanol and biodiesel GHG emission reduction for selected paths -- 3.2 Energy balance in ethanol production -- 3.3 Land use for agriculture in selected countries -- 3.4 Displacement of 10 percent of world gasoline and diesel consumption -- 3.5 Biofuels production costs -- 3.6 Potential of sugarcane production in Brazil -- 3.7 Productivity in 2005 and expected gains for 2015 and 2025 -- 3.8 The value of the jatropha industry to a household economy -- 4.1 Variation in required residue retention for continuous corn on select soils subject to rainfall and wind forces and two different field management practices -- 4.2 Cropping practice, yield assignment, and residue production -- 5.1 Population and access to electricity -- 6.1 Projections for biofuel production and petroleum/biofuel demand in transport sector -- 6.2 Total land area required for meeting total projected biofuel demand, where each biofuel crop is assumed to meet 10 percent of the biodiesel or ethanol demand, for 2030 -- 6.3 Biofuel carbon debt, and the number of years required to repay it in nine scenarios of biofuel production.

6.4 Mean annual CO2 emission averaged over a 30-year period from land conversion, under different scenarios where each biofuel crop is assumed to meet 10 percent of the biodiesel or ethanol demand in 2030 -- 6.5 Biofuel crops: rainfall and land/climate requirements, and cultivation practices -- 7.1 Population development projections -- 7.2 Expected demand for cereals by region for all uses, food, and feed -- 7.3 Transportation fuel demand -- 7.4 IEA second-generation biofuel cost assumptions for 2010, 2030, and 2050 -- List of figures -- 3.1 Evolution of Brazilian sugarcane, sugar, and ethanol production -- 3.2 Cost learning curve for sugarcane ethanol in Brazil -- 4.1 Comparison of meat and milk consumption changes over the last 40 years and projected changes according to similar rates for the next 20 years -- 4.2 Landscape management vision to more fully integrate economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture into integrated systems to produce food, feed, fibre, and fuel sustainably -- 4.3. Typical sugar beet distribution system -- 4.4 The Advanced Uniform-Format feedstock supply system -- 4.5 Projected 2008 biomass resource availability at different price levels without a grower payment -- 5.1 Twenty main commodities in 1997 -- 5.2 Twenty main commodities in 2007 -- 6.1 Biofuel crops, feedstocks, and fuels -- 7.1 Various conversion routes for biomass to biofuels -- List of abbreviations -- About the contributors -- Introduction -- Notes -- References -- 1 Food versus Fuel: Setting the Scene -- The pro- and anti-biofuels arguments -- Produce food or fuel? -- Climate change and greenhouse gases -- The role of biofuels in wealth creation and distribution -- Food prices -- Land use and intensification of production -- Table 1.1 Land requirements for biofuel production -- Subsidies -- Energy balance.

Sustainability and certification schemes for biofuels -- Main conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 2 Why We Should Not Be Using Biofuels -- Food and malnourishment -- World cropland and water resources -- Energy resources and use -- Table 2.1 Total amount of above ground biomass -- Biomass resources -- Corn ethanol -- Table 2.2 Energy inputs and costs of corn production per hectare in the United States -- Table 2.3 Inputs per 1,000 litres of 99.5 percent ethanol produced from corn -- Grass and cellulosic ethanol -- Table 2.4 Average inputs and energy inputs per hectare per year for switchgrass production -- Table 2.5 Inputs per 1,000 litres of 99.5 percent ethanol produced from US switchgrass -- Soybean biodiesel -- Table 2.6 Energy inputs and costs in soybean production per hectare in the US -- Table 2.7 Inputs per 1,000 kg of biodiesel oil from soybeans -- Rapeseed and canola biodiesel -- Oil palm -- Algae for oil production -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Why Biofuels are Important -- Overall benefits of biofuels -- Table 3.1 Ethanol and biodiesel GHG emission reduction for selected paths -- Table 3.2 Energy balance in ethanol production -- Land use -- Table 3.3 Land use for agriculture in selected countries -- Table 3.4 Displacement of 10 percent of world gasoline and diesel consumption -- Land-use policies and impacts on food prices -- Figure 3.1 Evolution of Brazilian sugarcane, sugar, and ethanol production -- Why biofuels are the most urgent alternative to fossil fuels -- The complex nature of biofuels -- Broad impacts on agriculture and rural development -- The impact of subsidies -- Case Study: The potential of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil -- Table 3.5 Biofuels production costs -- Figure 3.2 Cost learning curve for sugarcane ethanol in Brazil -- Table 3.6 Potential of sugarcane production in Brazil.

Table 3.7 Productivity in 2005 and expected gains for 2015 and 2025 -- Case Study: Jatropha cultivation in Zambia -- Table 3.8 The value of the jatropha industry to a household economy -- Main conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4 Agriculture and Land Use Issues -- Assessing resource potential -- Figure 4.1 Comparison of meat and milk consumption changes over the last 40 years and projected changes according to similar rates for the next 20 years -- Meeting the challenge: sustainable agricultural systems -- Case Study: Implementing sustainabilty criteria to guide resource access -- Table 4.1 Variation in required residue retention for continuous corn on select soils subject to rainfall and wind forces and two different field management practices -- Table 4.2 Cropping practice, yield assignment, and residue production -- Figure 4.2 Landscape management vision to more fully integrate economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture into integrated systems to produce food, feed, fibre, and fuel sustainably -- Meeting the challenge: engineering accessible markets -- Figure 4.3 Typical sugar beet distribution system -- Figure 4.4. The Advanced Uniform-Format feedstock supply system -- Figure 4.5 Projected 2008 biomass resource availability at different price levels without a grower payment -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 The Role of Biofuels in Promoting Rural Development -- Job creation and wages -- Health and gender -- Impacts on food production -- Contributions to poverty reduction and livelihoods -- Table 5.1 Population and access to electricity -- Infrastructure, investment, and capacity development -- Trade and globalization -- Figure 5.1 Twenty main commodities in 1997 -- Figure 5.2 Twenty main commodities in 2007 -- Policies and verification systems to promote sustainability -- Conclusions -- Note -- References.

6 Biofuels and Climate Change -- Biofuel crops and technologies -- Figure 6.1 Biofuel crops, feedstocks, and fuels -- Biofuel production, programmes, and targets -- Table 6.1 Projections for biofuel production and petroleum/biofuel demand in transport sector -- Land area for biofuel production -- Table 6.2 Total land area required for meeting total projected biofuel demand, where each biofuel crop is assumed to meet 10 percent of the biodiesel or ethanol demand, for 2030 -- Implications for food production -- Biofuel production and GHG emissions -- Table 6.3 Biofuel carbon debt, and the number of years required to repay it in nine scenarios of biofuel production -- Table 6.4 Mean annual CO2 emission averaged over a 30-year period from land conversion, under different scenarios where each biofuel crop is assumed to meet 10 percent of the biodiesel or ethanol demand in 2030 -- Biodiversity -- Projections of climate change -- Table 6.5 Biofuel crops: rainfall and land/climate requirements, and cultivation practices -- Impacts of climate change on biofuel production -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Future Trends in Biomass Resources for Food and Fuel -- Future resource demands -- Table 7.1 Population development projections -- Table 7.2 Expected demand for cereals by region for all uses, food, and feed -- Table 7.3 Transportation fuel demand -- The bioscience revolution -- Box 7.1 GM crops to date -- Future crops and feedstocks for biofuels -- Figure 7.1 Various conversion routes for biomass to biofuels -- Table 7.4 IEA second-generation biofuel cost assumptions for 2010, 2030, and 2050 -- Biomass resources in transition -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Food versus Fuel: Concluding Remarks -- Setting the scene -- The anti-biofuels arguments -- The pro-biofuels arguments -- Agriculture and land use -- Socio-economic objectives and impacts.

Climate change implications.