Climate Change Adaptation in Practice -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- 1 Communicating Climate Change Adaptation: From Strategy Development to Implementation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Structuring the communication processes -- 1.3 Climate change induced physical impacts on the Baltic Sea Region -- 1.3.1 Air Surface Temperature (AST) -- 1.3.2 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) -- 1.3.3 Precipitation -- 1.3.4 Sea level -- 1.3.5 Salinity -- 1.3.6 Sea ice -- 1.4 Chapter summaries -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Participatory Climate Change Adaptation in Kalundborg, Denmark -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate data -- 2.3 The case study area -- 2.4 Methods in general - the entire process -- 2.5 Scenario workshop - in detail -- 2.5.1 Development of scenarios -- 2.5.2 Identification of stakeholders -- 2.5.3 The scenario workshop programme -- 2.6 Transnational cooperation -- 2.7 Developing adaptation options for the citizen summit -- 2.8 Citizen summit - in detail -- 2.8.1 The citizens -- 2.8.2 The questions -- 2.8.3 Information material -- 2.8.4 Deliberation and voting -- 2.9 Interpretation of results - in details -- 2.10 Towards a climate strategy and its implementation -- 2.11 Discussion -- 2.12 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: Calculating Costs and Benefits for the Case Study Kalundborg, Denmark -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Risk assessment -- 3.2.1 Risk -- 3.2.2 Extreme value theory -- 3.2.3 Damage functions -- 3.2.4 Integration -- 3.2.5 Example -- 3.3 Risk influencing factors -- 3.3.1 Sea level rise -- 3.3.2 Flood protection -- 3.4 Cost-benefit analysis -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Coastal Protection and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: Didactically Processed Examples -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Background of the case studies.

4.2.1 Coastal protection in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania -- 4.2.2 Boundary conditions of the case studies -- 4.3 Introduction and methods of multi-criteria decision analysis -- 4.3.1 AHP -- 4.3.2 MAUT -- 4.3.3 PROMETHEE I -- 4.3.4 PROMETHEE II -- 4.3.5 ELECTRE -- 4.4 The case study Markgrafenheide -- 4.4.1 Options -- 4.4.2 Criteria and Indicators -- 4.4.3 Application and results -- 4.5 The case study Ostzingst -- 4.5.1 Options -- 4.5.2 Criteria and indicators -- 4.5.3 Application and Results -- 4.6 Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Preparing for Climate Change: Planning Adaptation to Climate Change in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Planned adaptation policy in Finland -- 5.2.1 Climate policy in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area -- 5.3 Preparation of the adaptation strategy -- 5.3.1 Climate change information for the adaptation strategy -- 5.3.2 Stakeholders in the strategy process -- 5.3.3 Interviews based on extreme weather events -- 5.3.4 Stakeholder interaction -- 5.3.5 Adaptation cost-benefit analysis -- 5.4 Implementing adaptation measures -- 5.5 Discussion: barriers and incentives for adaptation at local level -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Adaptation to Floods in Riga, Latvia: Historical Experience and Change of Approaches -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Relevant aspects for flood risk management -- 6.2.1 Stakeholder involvement in flood risk management -- 6.2.2 Social learning as a tool to diminish uncertainties in flood risk management -- 6.2.3 Flood risk management and the relevance of different types of knowledge -- 6.3 Historical context of flood risk management approaches in Riga -- 6.4 Initiatives of flood risk management in Riga -- 6.4.1 Flood modelling taking account of climate change -- 6.4.2 Knowledge transfer in the fields of flood prevention and climate change adaptation.

6.4.3 Flood Risk Management Plan - mapping of vulnerable areas of various time frames and flood probabilities -- 6.4.4 Process of the preparation of the Flood Risk Management Plan -- 6.4.5 Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for assessing flood-prone areas in Riga City -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Climate Adaptation in Metropolis Hamburg: Paradigm Shift in Urban Planning and Water Management towards 'Living with Water'? -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Urban development and climate change in Hamburg -- 7.3 Key concepts and variables of adaptation -- 7.4 Changing adaptation paradigms: From technical solutions to 'Living with Water'? -- 7.5 Reflecting the practice of adaptation strategies: The case of Hamburg's Elbe Island -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Climate Change Adaptation Policy in Bergen: Ideals and Realities -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 History, context and conditions -- 8.3 Geography and climate challenges -- 8.4 Knowledge transfer, learning and coordination -- 8.4.1 Climate adaptation policy in Bergen - a foresight approach -- 8.4.2 Climate strategies and adaptation measures -- 8.4.3 Climate strategies - networking and projects -- 8.4.4 Stakeholder consultations on blind spots -- 8.4.5 Legal rules and behaviour -- 8.5 Climate adaptation policy in Bergen - coherent and comprehensive? -- 8.6 Preliminary conclusions -- References -- 9 Adaptation to Climate Change in the Smeltalė River Basin, Lithuania -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Case study area -- 9.3 Climate variability and changes in Klaipėda city -- 9.3.1 Changes in the past -- 9.3.2 Future projections -- 9.4 Flash floods in the Smeltalė River -- 9.5 The effect of high sea level on the lower reaches of the Smeltalė River -- 9.6 Possible adaptation measures to high water levels in the Smeltalė River.

9.7 Assessment of the efficiency of possible adaptation measures in the Smeltalė River -- 9.8 Quantitative assessment of adaptation measures efficiency -- 9.9 Implementation of possible adaptation measures in the Smeltalė River -- 9.10 Conclusions -- References -- 10 The Geological Structure of Pyynikinharju Esker and the Local Effects of Climate Change -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 General information -- 10.2 Description of the study area -- 10.2.1 General description of the area -- 10.2.2 General geological features of the study area and the history of the lakes -- 10.2.3 Changes caused by nature and human activities -- 10.2.4 Land-use planning -- 10.2.5 Previous studies of the study area -- 10.2.6 Predicted climate change in the study area -- 10.3 Research and modelling -- 10.3.1 Geological studies -- 10.3.2 Drillings -- 10.3.3 Gravity measurements -- 10.3.4 Modelling and visualization -- 10.3.5 Geological structure of the Pyynikinharju Esker and a 3D model -- 10.3.6 Reports related to land-use planning -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Risk factors due to the geological structure of the Pyynikinharju Esker -- 10.4.2 Adaptation and preparation practices in land-use planning -- 10.4.3 Future measures -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Climate Change and Groundwater: Impacts and Adaptation in Shallow Coastal Aquifer in Hanko, South Finland -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The study area -- 11.2.1 Geological and hydrogeological background of Hanko aquifer -- 11.3 Data -- 11.3.1 Current climate data -- 11.3.2 Future Climate Scenarios -- 11.3.3 Sea levels 1971-2010 -- 11.3.4 Sea level rise scenarios -- 11.3.5 Observed groundwater level -- 11.3.6 Water Intake Plant and Pumping Rate -- 11.4 3D geological and groundwater flow models -- 11.4.1 The 3D geological model -- 11.4.2 The 3D groundwater flow model -- 11.5 Discussion.

11.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Climate Change and Groundwater - From Modelling to some Adaptation Means in Example of Klaipėda Region, Lithuania -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Groundwater - the key geoenvironmental issue in Europe -- 12.3 Groundwater in Lithuania -- 12.4 Case of the Klaipėda district - hydrogeological conditions -- 12.5 Present and future groundwater resources in Klaipėda district -- 12.6 The solutions of special water supply infrastructure development plan -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Climate Change - A New Opportunity for Mussel Farming in the Southern Baltic? -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Baltic winters - a threat for mussel farms? -- 13.3 Climate change - creating new perspectives? -- 13.4 The Zebra mussel - a suitable farming species? -- 13.5 Farming methods - the best choice for shallow waters -- 13.6 Mussel products and ecosystem services -- 13.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Impacts of Sea Level Change to the West Estonian Coastal Zone towards the End of the 21st Century -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The West Estonian Coastal Zone -- 14.3 Geology of the coastal zone -- 14.4 Mean and extreme sea levels -- 14.5 Hydrology and hydrogeology of the coastal zone -- 14.6 Climate change impacts -- 14.7 Sea level rise -- 14.8 Prediction of damage caused by sea level rise -- 14.9 Possibilities for mitigation of losses that are related to sea level rise -- 14.10 Public outreach and conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Geodynamical Conditions of the Karklė Beach (Lithuania) and Adaptation to Sea Level Change -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methods of investigations -- 15.3 Geomorphological and geological features of the Karklė beach -- 15.4 Geodynamical conditions and sea level rise -- 15.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.

16 Consequences of Climate Change and Environmental Policy for Macroalgae Accumulations on Beaches along the German Baltic Coastline.