BIOPROCESSING OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES TO COMMODITY BIOPRODUCTS -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- PART I ENABLING PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES -- CHAPTER 1 Biorefineries-Concepts for Sustainability -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Three Levels for Biomass Use -- 1.3 The Sustainable Removal of Biomass from the Field is Crucial for a Successful Biorefinery -- 1.4 Making Order: Classification of Biorefineries -- 1.5 Quantities of Sustainably Available Biomass -- 1.6 Quantification of Sustainability -- 1.7 Starch- and Sugar-Based Biorefinery -- 1.7.1 Sugar Crop Raffination -- 1.7.2 Starch Crop Raffination -- 1.8 Oilseed Crops -- 1.9 Lignocellulosic Feedstock -- 1.9.1 Biochemical Biorefinery (Fractionation Biorefinery) -- 1.9.2 Syngas Biorefinery (Gasification Biorefinery) -- 1.10 Green Biorefinery -- 1.11 Microalgae -- 1.12 Future Prospects-Aiming for Higher Value from Biomass -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Biomass Logistics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Method of Assessing Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Influence of Feedstock Logistic System Parameters -- 2.2.1 Analysis Step 1-Defining the Model System -- 2.2.2 Analysis Step 2-Defining Input Parameter Probability Distributions -- 2.2.3 Analysis Step 3-Perform Deterministic Computations -- 2.2.4 Analysis Step 4-Deciphering the Results -- 2.3 Understanding Uncertainty in the Context of Feedstock Logistics -- 2.3.1 Increasing Biomass Collection Efficiency by Responding to In-Field Variability -- 2.3.2 Minimizing Storage Losses by Addressing Moisture Variability -- 2.4 Future Prospects -- 2.5 Financial Disclosure/Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Complexity of Lignocelluloses -- 3.2.1 Anatomy of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 3.2.2 Proteins Present in the Plant Cell Wall -- 3.2.3 Presence of Lignin in the Cell Wall of Plants.

3.2.4 Polymeric Interaction in the Plant Cell Wall -- 3.2.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass Recalcitrance -- 3.3 Challenges in Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses -- 3.4 Pretreatment Methods and Mechanisms -- 3.4.1 Physical Pretreatment Methods -- 3.4.2 Chemical and Physicochemical Methods -- 3.4.3 Biological Methods -- 3.5 Economic Outlook -- 3.6 Future Prospects -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cellulase, Hemicellulase, and Accessory Enzyme Systems and Their Synergistic Action on Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.2.1 Biomass Recalcitrance -- 4.2.2 Cellulases -- 4.2.3 Hemicellulases -- 4.2.4 Accessory Enzymes -- 4.2.5 Synergy with Xylan Removal and Cellulases -- 4.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis at High Concentrations of Biomass Solids -- 4.3.1 Conversion Yield Calculations -- 4.3.2 Product Inhibition of Enzymes -- 4.3.3 Slurry Transport and Mixing -- 4.3.4 Heat and Mass Transport -- 4.4 Mechanistic Process Modeling and Simulation -- 4.5 Considerations for Process Integration and Economic Viability -- 4.5.1 Feedstock -- 4.5.2 Pretreatment -- 4.5.3 Downstream Conversion -- 4.6 Economic Outlook -- 4.7 Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 5 Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hydrolytic Enzymes for Digestion of Lignocelluloses -- 5.2.1 Cellulases -- 5.2.2 Xylanases -- 5.3 Desirable Attributes of Cellulase for Hydrolysis of Cellulose -- 5.4 Strategies Used for Enhanced Enzyme Production -- 5.4.1 Genetic Methods -- 5.4.2 Process Methods -- 5.5 Economic Outlook -- 5.6 Future Prospects -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Bioprocessing Technologies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Cell Factory Platform -- 6.2.1 Properties of a Biocatalyst -- 6.2.2 Recent Trends in Cell Factory Construction for Bioprocessing -- 6.3 Fermentation Process -- 6.4 Recovery Process.

6.4.1 Active Dry Yeast -- 6.4.2 Unclarified Enzyme Product -- 6.4.3 Clarified Enzyme Product -- 6.4.4 Bioisoprene™ -- 6.5 Formulation Process -- 6.5.1 Solid Forms -- 6.5.2 Slurry or Paste Forms -- 6.5.3 Liquid Forms -- 6.6 Final Product Blends -- 6.7 Economic Outlook and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- Nomenclature -- References -- PART II SPECIFIC COMMODITY BIOPRODUCTS -- CHAPTER 7 Ethanol from Bacteria -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Heteroethanologenic Bacteria -- 7.2.1 Escherichia coli -- 7.2.2 Klebsiella oxytoca -- 7.2.3 Erwinia spp. and Enterobacter asburiae -- 7.2.4 Corynebacterium glutamicum -- 7.2.5 Thermophilic Bacteria -- 7.3 Homoethanologenic Bacteria -- 7.3.1 Zymomonas mobilis -- 7.3.2 Zymobacter palmae -- 7.4 Economic Outlook -- 7.5 Future Prospects -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Ethanol Production from Yeasts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ethanol Production from Starchy Biomass -- 8.2.1 Starch Utilization Process -- 8.2.2 Yeast Cell-Surface Engineering System for Biomass Utilization -- 8.2.3 Ethanol Production from Starchy Biomass Using Amylase-Expressing Yeast -- 8.3 Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 8.3.1 Lignocellulose Utilization Process -- 8.3.2 Fermentation of Cellulosic Materials -- 8.3.3 Fermentation of Hemicellulosic Materials -- 8.3.4 Ethanol Production in the Presence of Fermentation Inhibitors -- 8.4 Economic Outlook -- 8.5 Future Prospects -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Fermentative Biobutanol Production: An Old Topic with Remarkable Recent Advances -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Butanol as a Fuel and Chemical Feedstock -- 9.3 History of ABE Fermentation -- 9.4 Physiology of Clostridial ABE Fermentation -- 9.4.1 The Clostridial Cell Cycle -- 9.4.2 Physiology and Enzymes of the Central Metabolic Pathway -- 9.5 ABE Fermentation Processes, Butanol Toxicity, and Product Recovery -- 9.5.1 ABE Fermentation Processes.

9.5.2 Butanol Toxicity and Butanol-Tolerant Strains -- 9.5.3 Fermentation Products Recovery -- 9.6 Metabolic Engineering and "Omics"-Analyses of Solventogenic Clostridia -- 9.6.1 Development and Application of Metabolic Engineering Techniques -- 9.6.2 Butanol Production by Engineered Microbes -- 9.6.3 Global Insights into Solventogenic Metabolism Based on "Transcriptomics" and "Proteomics" -- 9.7 Economic Outlook -- 9.8 Current Status and Future Prospects -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Bio-based Butanediols Production: The Contributions of Catalysis, Metabolic Engineering, and Synthetic Biology -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Bio-Based 2,3-Butanediol -- 10.2.1 Via Catalytic Hydrogenolysis -- 10.2.2 Via Sugar Fermentation -- 10.3 Bio-Based 1,4-Butanediol -- 10.3.1 Via Catalytic Hydrogenation -- 10.3.2 Via Sugar Fermentation -- 10.4 Economic Outlook -- 10.5 Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 11 1,3-Propanediol -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Bioconversion of Glucose into 1,3-Propanediol -- 11.3 Bioconversion of Glycerol into 1,3-Propanediol -- 11.3.1 Strains -- 11.3.2 Fermentation -- 11.3.3 Bioprocess Optimization and Control -- 11.4 Metabolic Engineering -- 11.4.1 Stoichiometric Analysis/MFA -- 11.4.2 Pathway Engineering -- 11.5 Down-Processing of 1,3-Propanediol -- 11.6 Integrated Processes -- 11.6.1 Biodiesel and 1,3-Propanediol -- 11.6.2 Glycerol and 1,3-Propanediol -- 11.6.3 1,3-Propanediol and Biogas -- 11.7 Economic Outlook -- 11.8 Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- A list of abbreviations -- References -- CHAPTER 12 Isobutanol -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Access Code for the Microbial Production of Branched-Chain Alcohols: 2-Ketoacid Decarboxylase and an Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 12.3 Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Directed Production of Isobutanol -- 12.3.1 Isobutanol Production with Escherichia coli.

12.3.2 Isobutanol Production with Corynebacterium glutamicum -- 12.3.3 Isobutanol Production with Bacillus subtilis -- 12.3.4 Isobutanol Production with Clostridium cellulolyticum -- 12.3.5 Isobutanol Production with Ralstonia eutropha -- 12.3.6 Isobutanol Production with Synechococcus elongatus -- 12.3.7 Isobutanol Production with Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 12.4 Overcoming Isobutanol Cytotoxicity -- 12.5 Process Development for the Production of Isobutanol -- 12.6 Economic Outlook -- 12.7 Future Prospects -- Nomenclature -- Abbreviations -- References -- CHAPTER 13 Lactic Acid -- 13.1 History of Lactic Acid -- 13.2 Applications of Lactic Acid -- 13.3 Poly Lactic Acid -- 13.4 Conventional Lactic Acid Production -- 13.5 Lactic Acid Production From Renewable Resources -- 13.5.1 Lactic Acid Bacteria -- 13.5.2 Escherichia coli -- 13.5.3 Corynebacterium glutamicum -- 13.5.4 Yeasts -- 13.6 Economic Outlook -- 13.7 Future Prospects -- Nomenclature -- References -- CHAPTER 14 Microbial Production of 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid From Renewable Sources: A Green Approach as an Alternative to Conventional Chemistry -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Natural Microbial Production of 3-HP -- 14.3 Production of 3-HP from Glucose by Recombinant Microorganisms -- 14.4 Production of 3-HP from Glycerol by Recombinant Microorganisms -- 14.4.1 Glycerol Metabolism for the Production of 3-HP and Cell Growth -- 14.4.2 Synthesis of 3-HP from Glycerol Through the CoA-Dependent Pathway -- 14.4.3 Synthesis of 3-HP From Glycerol Through the CoA-Independent Pathway -- 14.4.4 Coproduction of 3-HP and PDO From Glycerol -- 14.5 Major Challenges for Microbial Production of 3-HP -- 14.5.1 Toxicity and Tolerance -- 14.5.2 Redox Balance and By-products Formation -- 14.5.3 Vitamin B12 Supply -- 14.6 Economic Outlook -- 14.7 Future Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- List of Abbreviations -- References.

CHAPTER 15 Fumaric Acid Biosynthesis and Accumulation.