CONTENTS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- SOURCES -- Introduction -- A Fresh Perspective -- The Argument in a Nutshell -- LIC in Context -- A New Perspective -- The Approach -- The Scope -- Terminology -- 1. What is LIC? -- The Strategy's Broad Thrust -- A Definition of Low Intensity Conflict -- LIC as Defined by the Reagan Administration -- THE LIC CONFLICT PROFILE -- The Theme: Civilianising Conflict -- LIC's Major Forms: Its Revolutionary and Counter-Revolutionary Strands -- The Ideological Rationale: The Democratic Revolutionary Alternative - Constructing the 'Third Way' -- The Agencies of Low Intensity Conflict -- The Profile's Major Dimensions -- The Need for Context? -- 2. An Inevitable Strategy: LIC's Emergence in Context -- Continuity and Discontinuity -- The Postwar Character of US Foreign Policy -- The US Foreign Policy Continuum -- Continuity in Foreign Policy -- LIC's Specific Applications -- LIC as Discontinuity -- Old and New -- A Political Approach -- The Status of LIC -- A Selective Strategy -- The Development of the Full Profile -- An Expected Foreign Policy Initiative? -- 3. From Approach to Strategy -- Self-Analysis and Debate: The Influence of Vietnam -- Two Schools of Thought -- The LIC Lessons/ Conclusions from Vietnam -- The Forums for Strategy Reappraisal -- The Debate Within the Reagan Administration and the Military -- Evidence of LIC Gaining Coherence -- The Strategy Emerges -- 4. The Reagan Doctrine: Selling LIC To America -- What was the Reagan Doctrine? -- Intention and Goals -- The Reality of the Doctrine's Rationale -- The Legitimisation of Low Intensity Conflict -- The Doctrine Defines the Nature of Low Intensity Conflict -- The Reagan Doctrine as an Expression of Low Intensity Conflict -- 5. CENTRAL AMERICA:THE STRATEGY 'S PROVING GROUND? -- CENTRAL AMERICA AS THE FOCUS OF US FOREIGN POLICY.

The Determinants of LIC -- The Discrediting of the Umbilical Theory -- The Vietnam Syndrome and Public Opinion -- Was Grenada a Practice Run for Nicaragua? -- An Alternative Strategy for Nicaragua -- Interventionist Debate -- The Boland Amendments and the US Private Dimension -- The Determinants/ Preconditions for LIC -- The Emergence of Low Intensity Conflict -- 'A Proving Ground'? -- 6. Nicaragua and Revolutionary LIC -- The Political/ Psychological Dimension -- International 'Psyops' -- Domestic Psyops -- Initiated Psyops - Targeting Nicaragua -- The Economic Dimension -- THE MILITARY DIMENSION -- The Contras -- The CIA, US Special Forces and UCLAs -- Third-Country Forces -- Project Democracy - The Private War and the Enterprise -- The Civic Action Dimension -- Nicaragua and the Strategy of LIC -- 7. LIC in the Philippines? -- The Determinants of the Response -- US Interests -- Marcos Losing Control -- The Need for a New Approach -- The Reagan Administration Responds -- The Third Way - The LIC Response -- LIC Characteristics -- Agency Coordination and Control -- Economic Control -- The Direct US Role -- Private Group Involvement -- The Collective Response -- 8. The Counter-Revolutionary Profile -- The Political/ Psychological Dimension -- The Installation of the Aquino Government as the Third Way -- Pressure for the Adoption of an LIC Approach? -- The Ceasefire -- Self- Initiating Psyops -- Initiated Psyops -- Psyops in LIC 'Total War' Strategy -- The Economic Dimension -- THE MILITARY DIMENSION -- The Reform of the Armed Forces of the Philippines -- Military Action -- The Civic Action Dimension - Completing the Picture -- A Characteristic LIC Response? -- Deviations -- 9. LIC Continued? -- LIC Emergent -- The Success of Reagan's LIC? -- Success of the 'Third Way' -- An Ongoing Strategy -- A Relevant LIW Climate -- LIC and Other States.

LIC and the US: Identifying the Footprint -- Notes -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 1 -- CHAPTER 2 -- CHAPTER 3 -- CHAPTER 4 -- CHAPTER 5 -- CHAPTER 6 -- CHAPTER 7 -- CHAPTER 8 -- CHAPTER 9 -- Index -- AAFLI, 141 -- Aceh, 176 -- Afghanistan -- 4-5 -- 10 -- 20 -- 42 -- 52-3 -- 65 -- 74-5 -- 168 -- 171 -- 173 -- AFL-CIO -- 148 -- 149 -- AIFLD 110 -- Air Commandos Association 124 -- Alabama -- 107 -- National Guard, 119 -- Algeria 49 -- Allende [President of Chile] 45 -- Alliance for Progress -- 50 -- 72 -- Alnwick, Kenneth [Colonel] 16 -- Alsa Masa -- 135-6 -- 138-41 -- 152-3 -- ambiguous warfare 51 -- American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organisations [AFL-CIO] 30 -- American Federation of Teachers 110 -- American Institute for Free Labor Development [AIFLD] 30 -- American Security Council [ASC] 41 -- Americanise 22 -- Americares -- 124 -- 162 -- Americas, Friends of 124 -- Amnesty International -- 138 -- 139 -- 147 -- Angola [n] -- 3 -- 7 -- 10 -- 20 -- 39-40 -- 42 -- 50 -- 53 -- 75 -- 76 -- 80 -- 98 -- 126 -- 168 -- 171 -- 173 -- Animal Farm 112 -- Anti-Communist Crusade 141 -- Aquino, Benigno -- 129 -- 130 -- 144 -- assassination, 129 -- assassination, 130 -- assassination, 133 -- assassination, 144 -- assassination, 145 -- assassination, 157 -- Aquino, Cory [Philippines President] -- 11 -- 15 -- 25 -- 134 -- 136 -- 138-40 -- 142-3 -- 145-7 -- 148 -- 149 -- 150 -- 153-6 -- arc of crisis 42 -- Argentina 120 -- Armacost, Michael 70 -- Armed Forces of the Philippines [AFP] -- 130-1 -- 136-40 -- 144-5 -- 151 -- 154 -- 155-7 -- Armitage, Richard [US Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs] -- 12 -- 63 -- 68 -- Army Manual FM -- 57 -- 100-1 -- Arroyo [President, Philippines] 174 -- Asia before Europe 36 -- Asia Foundation 152 -- Asian Development Bank -- 137 -- 156.

Assistant Secretary of Defense for [Special Operations and] Low Intensity Conflict [within National Association of Former Intelligence Officers 42 -- Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN] -- 129 -- 130 -- Assumption Sisters 153 -- attrition [strategy of] -- 58 -- 131-3 -- Austin, Hudson [General, Grenada] 92 -- balance of power 34 -- Balkans 175 -- barrios -- 154 -- 155 -- 161 -- Basque 176 -- Bay of Pigs -- 37 -- 180 -- Bayan [New Patriotic Alliance] 161 -- Belgrade 178 -- Bermudez, Enrique [Colonel] -- 106 -- 110 -- Big Pine [US military exercises] 113 -- big unit [strategy] 131-2 -- Bipartisan Commission on Central America 76 -- Bishop, Maurice [Prime Minister, Grenada] 91-2 -- Board for Low Intensity Conflict 68 -- Bode, William 29 -- Boland Amendments -- 78 -- 96 -- 103 -- 120-1 -- Bosnia-Herzegovina -- 2 -- 176 -- Bosworth, Stephen [US Ambassador] 141 -- Bougainville Revolutionary Army [BRA] 176 -- Bravo, Obando Y [Archbishop] -- 100 -- 109 -- 111 -- Brezhnev Doctrine 73-5 -- brinkmanship 7 -- Brzezinski, Zbigniew [Assistant for National Security Affairs [to President Carter]] 95 -- Buchanan, John [Lt Colonel] 92 -- Buchanan, Patrick [White House Communications Director] -- 62 -- 98 -- Bush, George [President, United States] -- 1 -- 2 -- 67 -- 177 -- 179-80 -- Bush, George, W. [President, United States] 177 -- Cagas, Douglas [Governor General] 140 -- Caldon, William [Senate Committee on the Armed Services] 65 -- Calero, Adolfo 109 -- Calida, Franco [Colonel, Commander Metropolitan District Command] -- 138 -- 141 -- 153 -- 154 -- Caltex 128 -- Cambodia -- 2 -- 5 -- 53 -- 75 -- 98 -- 168 -- 171 -- Camp John Hay [Baguio City] 128 -- campesino[s] [peasants] -- 100 -- 113 -- 117-18 -- Cardenal [Fernando and Ernesto] -- 100 -- 112 -- Caribbean -- 36 -- 37 -- 88 -- 93 -- 180 -- Carluci, Frank [Deputy Secretary of Defense] 68.

Carmelite Sisters 153 -- Carter Doctrine 42 -- Carter, Jimmy [US President] -- 7 -- 33 -- 34 -- 39 -- 40 -- 42 -- 43 -- 47 -- 65 -- 67-8 -- 73 -- 82 -- 87 -- 88 -- 93 -- 95-6 -- Casey, William [Director CIA] -- 63 -- 67 -- 84 -- 97 -- 116 -- 119 -- 121-2 -- Cassidy, Duane [General, USAF Commander-in-Chief, Military Airlift Command] 28 -- Castro, Fidel [President, Cuba] -- 37 -- 121 -- 173 -- 178 -- 180 -- Catholic Church [in Nicaragua] -- 100 -- 108 -- 111-12 -- 133 -- CAUSA International -- 123 -- 141 -- CAUSA [Confederation of the Associations for the Unity of the Societies of the Americas] -- 135 -- 150 -- CBS 93 -- Ceasefire [Philippines] -- 147-8 -- 165 -- Central America -- 1 -- 4 -- 10-11 -- 19 -- 36 -- 48 -- 53 -- 56-7 -- 65 -- 68 -- 76 -- 86-91 -- 93-4 -- 97-9 -- 102 -- 104-5 -- 108-10 -- Central America Policy Outreach Group 68 -- Central American -- 9 -- 44-5 -- 47-8 -- 62-5 -- 67-8 -- 82 -- 83 -- 84 -- Central Intelligence Agency [CIA] -- 6 -- 22 -- 28 -- 29 -- 30 -- 36 -- 38 -- 39 -- 42 -- 43 -- 59 -- 60 -- 63-9 -- 78 -- 87 -- 92 -- 96 -- Centro de Estudios Religioses [Centre for Religious Studies, [CER]] 101 -- Chamorro, Violeta de -- 100 -- 109 -- 111 -- 114 -- 125 -- 174 -- President of Nicaragua, 114 -- Channell, Carl 'Spitz' 123 -- Chechenya -- 1 -- 175 -- 176 -- Chile[ans] -- 45 -- 119 -- 180 -- China, People's Republic of -- 36 -- 37 -- 38 -- 120 -- 179 -- Chinese communists -- 13 -- 20 -- Chomsky, Noam 24 -- Christian Anti-Communist Crusade -- 135 -- 141 -- 149 -- 150 -- Christian Broadcasting Network [CBN] -- 107 -- 124 -- Church, the -- 90 -- 100-1 -- 109 -- 111 -- 150 -- 153 -- 157 -- 161 -- civic action -- 28 -- 29 -- 49 -- 57 -- 59 -- 64 -- 66 -- 70 -- 131-3 -- 146 -- 151 -- 154 -- 155 -- 158 -- 161-2 -- Civic Action Dimension -- 124 -- 143 -- Civilian Home Defense Forces [CHDF] -- 20 -- 132-3 -- 135 -- 139-40 -- 154.

158.