Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Rationale and Purpose -- Organization -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Review -- 1 Railway Ecology -- Abstract -- Introduction -- References -- 2 Current Knowledge on Wildlife Mortality in Railways -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Mammal Mortality -- The High Frequency of Collision with Ungulates -- Train Accidents with Bears -- The Case of Asian Elephants -- What About the Collisions with Other Mammal Species? -- Bird Mortality -- Amphibian and Reptile Mortality -- How Different Is Mortality in Railways and Roads? -- Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Methods to Monitor and Mitigate Wildlife Mortality in Railways -- Abstract -- Monitoring Wildlife Mortality in Railways: General Approaches -- Why Is Monitoring Important? -- Designing a Wildlife Mortality Monitoring Plan for Railways -- Selecting the Target Species -- Selecting the Spatio-Temporal Scale -- Estimating the Number of Casualties on Railways -- Review of the Methods Used on Wildlife Mortality Surveys -- Standardization of Monitoring -- How to Describe and Evaluate Hotspots of Mortality -- Sources of Bias in Wildlife Mortality Estimates -- How to Mitigate Wildlife Mortality in Railways? -- Crossing Structures -- Structures that Restrict Wildlife Access to Railways -- Habitat and Wildlife Population Management -- Reducing Train Speed -- Collision and Electrocution in Overhead Wires -- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Mortality Mitigation Measures -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Railways as Barriers for Wildlife: Current Knowledge -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Barrier Effects -- Physical and Behavioral Barriers -- Disturbance -- Mortality -- Habitat Loss and Fragmentation -- Methods to Estimate Barrier Effects -- Direct Methods -- Indirect Methods.

Effectiveness of Mitigation Measures -- Avoiding Crossing -- Habitat Management -- Crossing Structures -- Management Guidelines -- Forecasting Impacts -- Halting Construction -- Wildlife Passes Combined with Funnelling Fencing -- Identify Landscape Features Enhancing Connectivity -- Monitoring of WTCs to Identify Hotspots -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Aliens on the Move: Transportation Networks and Non-native Species -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Why Care about Invasive Species? An Overview of Their Global-Scale Relevance -- Non-native Hitchhikers: Transportation Vehicles as Vectors of Stowaway Species -- Verges as Habitat and Corridors for Non-native Species -- Management of Non-native Species in Transportation Corridors -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Railway Disturbances on Wildlife: Types, Effects, and Mitigation Measures -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Main Railway Disturbances: Noise and Vibration, and Air, Soil and Water Pollution -- Noise and Vibration -- Air Pollution and Emission -- Soil Pollution -- Water Pollution -- Soil Erosion and Changes in Hydrology -- Effects of Railway Disturbance on Wildlife -- Insects -- Herpetofauna -- Birds -- Mammals -- Mitigation Measures to Reduce Railway Disturbances -- Noise and Vibration -- Soil Pollution -- Soil Erosion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Case Studies -- 7 Bird Collisions in a Railway Crossing a Wetland of International Importance (Sado Estuary, Portugal) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Bird Mortality -- Bridge Crossing by Birds -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Cross-scale Changes in Bird Behavior Around a High Speed Railway: From Landscape Occupation to Infrastructure Use and Collision Risk -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Bird Occupation of Railway Surroundings.

Bird Use of Railway Structures -- Bird Flight Over the Railway -- Bird Behavior Towards Approaching Trains -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Relative Risk and Variables Associated with Bear and Ungulate Mortalities Along a Railroad in the Canadian Rocky Mountains -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collected -- Wildlife Strike Records -- Relative Abundance Data -- Railroad Design and Train Spill Grain Data -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Strike Rates -- Relative Abundance -- Hotspots and Relative Risk -- Variables Associated with Strikes -- Elk -- Deer -- Bears -- Discussion -- Management Implications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Railways and Wildlife: A Case Study of Train-Elephant Collisions in Northern West Bengal, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Elephant Distribution -- Elephant Fatalities -- Spatial Distribution of Collision Risk -- Discussion -- Management Implications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Assessing Bird Exclusion Effects in a Wetland Crossed by a Railway (Sado Estuary, Portugal) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Wetland Bird Assemblages -- Effects of Distance to Railway -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- Annex -- References -- 12 Evaluating the Impacts of a New Railway on Shorebirds: A Case Study in Central Portugal (Aveiro Lagoon) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Study Design -- Evaluating Effects on Breeding Shorebirds -- Breeding Shorebird Abundance -- Spatial Distribution of Black-Winged Stilt Nests -- Black-Winged Stilt Nest Phenology and Breeding Success -- Evaluating Effects on Wintering Shorebirds -- Wintering Shorebird Abundance -- Shorebird Spatial Distribution and Activity Within Saltpans -- Results -- Effects on Breeding Shorebirds.

Shorebird Abundances -- Black-Winged Stilt Nest Spatial Distribution Within the Saltpans -- Black-Winged Stilt Breeding Phenology and Success -- Effects on Wintering Shorebirds -- Shorebird Abundances -- Spatial Distribution and Activity Within Saltpans -- Discussion -- Final Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Evaluating and Mitigating the Impact of a High-Speed Railway on Connectivity: A Case Study with an Amphibian Species in France -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Data Preparation -- Study Area -- Study Species -- Landscape Data -- Landscape Graph Construction -- Landscape Graph Analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Habitat Fragmentation by Railways as a Barrier to Great Migrations of Ungulates in Mongolia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Environments of Mongolia's Gobi-Steppe Ecosystem -- Railways and Vulnerable Wild Animals in Mongolia -- Movement Ecology of Mongolian Gazelles -- Effects of the Ulaanbaatar-Beijing Railway on Wild Ungulates -- Barrier Effect of the Existing Railway -- Influences of the Barrier Effect on Wild Ungulates -- Railway Development as a Threat to Wildlife -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Railway Ecology-Experiences and Examples in the Czech Republic -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Railway Network in the Czech Republic -- Railway Versus Road Infrastructure in the Czech Republic -- Future Perspectives for Railway Infrastructure Development -- Railway Ecology Experience in the Czech Republic -- Good Practice and Recommendation for Future Action -- Decision Making Process -- Technical Measures -- Management Measures -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Ecological Roles of Railway Verges in Anthropogenic Landscapes: A Synthesis of Five Case Studies in Northern France -- Abstract -- Introduction.

General Context and Methodology -- Roles of Railway Verges: Habitat, Corridor, Barrier -- Railways as Habitats -- Bats Along Railway Verges in an Intensive Agricultural Landscape -- Orthoptera Along Railway Verges in an Urban Landscape -- Railways as Corridors in an Urban Landscape (Longitudinal Connectivity) -- Using Structural Breaks to Detect Functional Connectivity Along Railways -- Using Urbanisation Effects to Detect Functional Connectivity Along Railways -- What About Exotic and Invasive Species? -- Railways as Barriers in an Agricultural Landscape (Transversal Connectivity) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Wildlife Deterrent Methods for Railways-An Experimental Study -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background -- Train Driver Survey -- Collision Statistics -- WTC Hotspots -- Wildlife-Train Encounters -- Ultimate and Proximate Causes of WTCs -- Mitigation Project -- Objectives -- Approach -- The Deterrent System -- Complementary Studies -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 Commerce and Conservation in the Crown of the Continent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Geographic Location -- Land Ownership -- Ecological Characteristics -- Railroad Attributes -- A Grizzly Problem Arises -- Working Towards a Solution -- An Avalanche of Problems -- What Next? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Conclusion -- 19 What's Next? Railway Ecology in the 21st Century -- Abstract -- A Bright Look at the Future of Railways -- Emerging Trends and Challenges -- Railways Travel Towards Environmental Sustainability -- Final Remarks -- References -- Glossary.