Nursing and Nursing Education -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- THE STUDY CHARGE -- CONDUCT OF THE STUDY -- A NOTE ABOUT DATA -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- Acknowledgments -- Summary and Recommendations -- THE COMMITTEE'S RECOMMENDATIONS -- MEETING CURRENT AND FUTURE NEEDS FOR NURSES* -- Recommendation 1 -- STATE AND LOCAL PLANNING FOR GENERALIST NURSING EDUCATION BY PROGRAM TYPE -- Recommendation 2 -- FEDERAL EDUCATION FINANCING TO HELP SUSTAIN THE BASIC NURSE SUPPLY -- Recommendation 3 -- CONTINUED STATE AND PRIVATE SUPPORT OF NURSING EDUCATION -- Recommendation 4 -- ATTRACTING NEW RECRUITS TO NURSING -- Recommendation 5 -- IMPROVING OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT -- Recommendation 6 -- IMPROVING COLLABORATION BETWEEN NURSING EDUCATION AND NURSING SERVICES -- Recommendation 7 -- INCREASING THE SUPPLY OF NURSES WITH GRADUATE EDUCATION TO FILL ADVANCED POSITIONS IN NURSING -- Recommendation 8 -- ALLEVIATING THE MALDISTRIBUTION OF NURSES BY EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH -- Recommendation 9 -- ENCOURAGING CONSORTIA OF NURSE EDUCATORS AND NURSE EMPLOYERS IN SHORTAGE AREAS TO INCREASE MINORITY ... -- Recommendation 10 -- ADEQUATE REVENUES FOR INNER-CITY HOSPITALS -- Recommendation 11 -- NURSING EDUCATION FOR CARE OF THE ELDERLY -- Recommendation 12 -- UPGRADING EXISTING STAFF IN NURSING HOMES -- Recommendation 13 -- ADEQUATE PAYMENT FOR LONG-TERM CARE -- Recommendation 14 -- LEGAL AND REIMBURSEMENT BARRIERS TO EXPANDED NURSING PRACTICE -- Recommendation 15 -- IMPROVING THE USE OF NURSING RESOURCES -- Recommendation 16 -- COST ACCOUNTING FOR NURSING SERVICES -- Recommendation 17 -- A CENTER FOR NURSING RESEARCH -- Recommendation 18 -- STUDIES OF THE COMPETENCIES OF RNS PREPARED IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS -- Recommendation 19 -- EVALUATION OF PROMISING MANAGEMENT APPROACHES -- Recommendation 20.

INFORMATION FOR FUTURE MONITORING OF THE NATION'S NURSE DEMAND AND SUPPLY -- Recommendation 21 -- COSTS AND FINANCING TO IMPLEMENT THE RECOMMENDATIONS -- Chapter I Nursing Services and Nursing Education: An Overview -- THE DIVERSITY OF REGISTERED NURSES' RESPONSIBILITIES -- VARIETY OF NURSING SERVICE PERSONNEL -- The Registered Nurse -- The Licensed Practical Nurse -- Ancillary Nursing Personnel -- The Functions of Organized Nursing Services -- VARIATIONS IN NURSING SERVICE STAFF MIX -- Variations By Setting of Care-Hospitals and Nursing Homes -- Variation by Hospital Characteristics -- Variation Within States and Within Institutions -- EDUCATION FOR REGISTERED AND PRACTICAL NURSES -- RELATION OF TYPE OF GENERALIST NURSE EDUCATION TO LICENSURE AND PRACTICE -- Differentiation in Employment Patterns -- Differentiation by Type of Patient Care Activities -- DEBATE OVER APPROPRIATE GENERALIST NURSE EDUCATION -- RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADVANCED LEVEL NURSES -- EDUCATION FOR ADVANCED LEVEL POSITIONS -- FEDERAL, STATE, AND PRIVATE FINANCING OF NURSE EDUCATION -- References and Notes -- Chapter II Meeting Current and Future Needs for Nurses -- CURRENT SUPPLY AND DEMAND -- The Supply of Nurses -- Registered Nurses -- Licensed Practical Nurses -- The Demand for Nurses -- Registered Nurses -- Licensed Practical Nurses -- Extent and Nature of Supply-Demand Imbalances -- The Distribution of Nurses -- FUTURE SUPPLY AND DEMAND -- The Future Supply of Nurses -- DHHS Projections for RNs -- Study Projections for RNs -- Licensed Practical Nurses -- The Future Demands for Nurses -- DHHS Projections for RNs -- Study Projections for RNs -- Illustration 1: Estimated Demand for RNs in 1990 Under National Health Insurance -- Illustration 2: Estimated Demand for RNs in 1990 Under Cost Containment Measures.

Illustration 3: Estimated Demand for RNs in 1990 Under Increased Use of Ambulatory Care Facilities -- Licensed Practical Nurses -- Comparison of the Study's Projections for Supply of and Demand for Registered Nurses -- The Need for Continued Monitoring -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 1 -- SUPPLY OF REGISTERED NURSES EDUCATED IN THE THREE TYPES OF GENERALIST PROGRAMS -- STATE AND LOCAL PLANNING FOR GENERALIST NURSE EDUCATION -- State Studies -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 2 -- References and Notes -- Chapter III The Effects of Education Financing on Generalist Nurse Supply -- STUDENT DECISION MAKING -- Students' Education Costs -- Tuition and Fees -- Other Out-of-Pocket Education Expenses -- Living Expenses -- Summary of Education and Living Expenses -- Forgone Earnings -- Sources of Variation in Students' Costs -- Trends in Education Expenses -- Sources of Education Financing for Nursing Students -- General Federal Financial Aid -- Nurse Training Act Programs -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 3 -- STATE AND INSTITUTIONAL DECISION MAKING -- Financial Resources for Nursing Education -- Relative Costs of Nursing Education Programs -- Student Demand -- Employer Demand -- Federal and State Influence on Institutional Decision Making -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 4 -- References and Notes -- Chapter IV Education for Generalist Positions in Nursing -- ATTRACTING NEW KINDS OF STUDENTS -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 5 -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT -- Efforts by Individual Nurses -- Efforts by Nurse Educators -- Efforts by States -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 6 -- COLLABORATION BETWEEN EDUCATION AND SERVICE -- Unification of Nursing Education and Nursing Service -- Joint Planning of Nurse Orientation Curricula -- Clinical Experience for Nursing Practice -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 7 -- References and Notes.

Chapter V Education for Advanced Positions in Nursing -- ADVANCED EDUCATION FOR NURSING ADMINISTRATION -- ADVANCED EDUCATION FOR TEACHING AND RESEARCH -- ADVANCED EDUCATION FOR NURSE SPECIALISTS -- INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG TYPES OF ADVANCED EDUCATION -- THE NEED FOR MORE NURSES WITH GRADUATE EDUCATION -- Current Supply -- Nurses with Master's Degrees -- Nurses With Doctorates -- Projections of Future Supply -- Nurses With Master's Degrees -- Nurses With Doctoral Degrees -- Estimates of Future Need and Demand -- THE EFFECT OF FINANCING ON FUTURE SUPPLY -- Federal Support Programs -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 8 -- STATEMENT OF EXCEPTION TO RECOMMENDATION -- References and Notes -- Chapter VI Alleviating Nursing Shortages in Medically Underserved Areas and Among Underserved Popul ... -- SOME REASONS FOR AREAS OF UNDERSERVICE -- THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF UNDERSERVICE -- EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 9 -- EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITY STUDENTS -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 10 -- ADEQUATE REVENUES FOR INNER-CITY HOSPITALS -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 11 -- NURSING EDUCATION FOR CARE OF THE ELDERLY -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 12 -- UPGRADING EXISTING STAFF IN NURSING HOMES -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 13 -- ADEQUATE PAYMENT FOR LONG-TERM CARE -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 14 -- LOWERING BARRIERS TO EXPANDED NURSE PRACTICE -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 15 -- FINANCING RECOMMENDED ACTIONS -- Manpower Distribution Policies -- Payment Changes -- Improving Nursing Care for the Elderly -- References and Notes -- Chapter VII Improving the Use of Nursing Resources -- THE EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT DECISIONS ON SUPPLY AND DEMAND -- JOB TURNOVER AND ATTRITION IN NURSING -- IMPROVING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS -- Lack of Opportunities for Career Progression -- Salary -- Work Environment.

INACTIVE AND PART-TIME NURSES -- Child Care -- Flexible Scheduling -- Improved Salary -- Fringe Benefits -- Reentry Education Opportunities -- The Special Problems of Nursing Homes -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 16 -- ACCOUNTING FOR NURSING SERVICES -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 17 -- References and Notes -- Chapter VIII Advancing Research in Nursing and Getting Facts for Manpower Planning -- IMPROVING THE NATION'S NURSING RESEARCH CAPACITY -- Elevating the Organizational Base of Nursing Research -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 18 -- COMPARATIVE COMPETENCIES OF REGISTERED NURSES WITH DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 19 -- EVALUATION OF PROMISING MANAGEMENT APPROACHES -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 20 -- INFORMATION TO MONITOR SUPPLY AND DEMAND -- Conclusion -- Recommendation 21 -- Appendix 1 Congressional Charge--Excerpts from Public Law 96-76 -- Appendix 2 Appropriations Under the Nurse Training Act -- FORMULA AND CAPITATION GRANTS -- SPECIAL PROJECT GRANTS AND CONTRACTS -- CONSTRUCTION ASSISTANCE GRANTS PROGRAM--NURSING -- ADVANCED NURSE TRAINING GRANTS AND CONTRACTS -- NURSE PRACTITIONER GRANTS AND CONTRACTS -- STUDENT LOANS -- PROFESSIONAL NURSE TRAINEESHIPS -- SCHOLARSHIPS -- RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS -- RESEARCH GRANTS -- OTHER -- Appendix 3 Summary of Information on State Reports of Nursing Issues -- Appendix 4 Certificates for Specialist Registered Nurses -- Appendix 5 Projections of Registered Nurse Supply and Requirements -- CURRENT SUPPLY OF REGISTERED NURSES -- PROJECTIONS OF THE SUPPLY OF REGISTERED NURSES -- DHHS Projections -- The Study's Projections -- Comparison of the DHHS and the Study Supply Projections -- REGISTERED NURSE REQUIREMENT PROJECTIONS -- DHHS Projections -- The Historical Trend-Based Demand Model* -- Model Projections -- The Criteria-Based Model.

Comparison of Historical Trend-Based Demand and Judgment-of-Need Lower Bound Projections.