Restoring and Protecting Marine Habitat -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- BACKGROUND -- THE NRC STUDY -- REPORT ORGANIZATION -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- DO PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT, RESTORATION, AND CREATION TECHNOLOGIES WORK? -- WHAT INSTITUTIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ARE NEEDED? -- WHAT RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE STATE OF PRACTICE? -- 1 Introduction -- MARINE HABITAT-A NATIONAL TREASURE IN DECLINE -- Scope of Marine Habitat Degradation and Loss -- Finding Balance Among Competing Objectives -- THE CHALLENGE FOR COASTAL ENGINEERING -- Overview of Scientific and Engineering Capabilities -- Status of Science and Engineering -- Scientific Tools and Techniques -- Coastal Engineering Tools and Techniques -- 2 Scientific and Engineering Perspectives -- ECOLOGICAL SETTING -- THE SCOPE OF COASTAL ENGINEERING -- IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE COASTAL ZONE -- OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF SEA LEVEL RISE TO THE APPLICATION OF PROTECTION AND RESTORATION TECHNOLOGY -- DEFINING SUCCESS -- SUMMARY -- 3 The State of Engineering Practice in Marine Habitat Management -- RESTORATION TECHNICAL ISSUES -- Functionality Following the Application of Technology -- Use of Dredging and Dredged Material in Restoration -- APPLYING TECHNOLOGY -- Shoreline Engineering -- Estuaries -- Seagrass Meadows -- Intertidal Marshes -- Ecological Considerations -- Restoring Intertidal Marshes -- Mangrove Forests -- Coral Reefs -- Artificial Reefs -- DREDGING AND DREDGED MATERIAL PLACEMENT -- Historical Uses of Dredged Material -- Dredging and Dredged Material Placement Technology -- Application of Dredged Material to Habitat Protection and Restoration -- Underwater Berms -- Shallow Water Vegetated Habitats -- Oyster Beds -- ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINIMIZING OR AVOIDING IMPACTS TO MARINE HABITAT.

Improving Channel Design and Maintenance -- Alternatives to Access Canals for Mineral Exploration and Production in Coastal Marshes -- Directional Drilling -- Spray Dredging -- Air-Cushion Vehicles -- Management of Wastewater and Storm Water -- IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS AFFECTING USE OF TECHNOLOGY -- Shoreline Change Predictive Capabilities -- Time Scale Predictions -- Spatial Scale Predictions -- Performance of Habitat Protection and Restoration Projects -- Professional Qualifications of Practitioners -- Regulation of Restoration Projects -- General Status of Restoration Regulation -- SUMMARY -- 4 The Application of Protection and Restoration Technology in Marine Habitat Management -- CASE STUDY FINDINGS -- SUMMARY -- 5 Institutional Issues Affecting Marine Habitat Management -- INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES -- The Absence of National Direction -- Conflicting Guidance -- Limited Compliance, Monitoring, and Enforcement -- Regulatory Programs and Constraints -- Disincentives -- The Lack of Incentives -- Decision making -- Professional Development -- Education -- Ecology Training for Engineers -- Engineering Training for Scientists -- Curriculum Needs -- Continuing Professional Education -- Professional Regulation -- Public Education -- Limited Information Transfer -- SUMMARY -- 6 Improving Project Performance -- PROJECT PERFORMANCE -- Restoration Project Failure -- The Decision Model -- THE DECISION PROCESS -- Goals and Objectives -- Project Design -- Baseline Conditions -- Design Protocols -- Performance Criteria -- Technology Transfer -- Multidisciplinary Teamwork -- Cost Effectiveness and Economies of Scale -- Implementation and Construction -- Performance Monitoring, Measurement and Analysis -- Monitoring Regimes -- Maintenance and Management -- SUMMARY -- 7 Research Needs -- RESEARCH PROGRAMS RELEVANT TO MARINE HABITAT MANAGEMENT -- Federal Programs.

State and Private Programs -- Industry-Sponsored Research -- Basic Research -- Applied Research -- Interagency Coordination -- MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH -- ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY NEEDS -- Soils and Substrates -- Vegetation -- Physical Energy Systems -- Socioeconomic Factors -- ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY NEEDS -- Placement and Stabilization of Dredged Material -- Geotextiles -- Specialized Equipment -- Structural Design -- Placement and Handling of Contaminated Sediments -- Multipurpose Applications -- SUMMARY -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations -- DO HABITAT PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT, RESTORATION, AND CREATION TECHNOLOGIES WORK? -- Scientific Knowledge and Engineering Capabilities Can be Effectively Applied -- A Multidisciplinary Approach Improves the Potential for Success -- Determination of Project Success Depends on Sound Performance Criteria and Monitoring -- WHAT INSTITUTIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ARE NEEDED? -- A National Policy is Needed to Guide Marine Habitat Protection and Restoration -- Implementation Goals and Objectives Are Essential -- Institutional Mechanisms Need to be Improved -- Continuing Professional Development Is Essential -- WHAT RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE STATE OF PRACTICE? -- APPENDIX A Biographical Sketches -- APPENDIX B Case Studies -- HABITAT ASSESSMENTS USING SPECIES LIFE HISTORIES -- WATER WAY DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS IN THE SAVANNAH RIVER ESTUARY -- CHESAPEAKE BAY PROTECTION AND RESTORATION INITIATIVES -- Windmill Point, Virginia -- Wetlands Restoration -- Oyster Beds -- Maryland Shore Erosion Control -- Multipurpose Sites -- TAMPA BAY WETLAND RESTORATIONS -- SAN FRANCISCO BAY WETLANDS RESTORATION -- ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF KIAWAH ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA -- INLET ENGINEERING SEABROOK ISLAND AT SOUTH CAROLINA -- MARSH RESTORATION AND CREATION USING DREDGED MATERIALS -- Pointe Mouillee, Michigan.

Miller Sands Island, Oregon -- Southwest Pass, Lower Mississippi River, Louisiana -- CREATION OF SEA AND WADING BIRD NESTING ISLANDS IN NORTH CAROLINA -- UNDERWATER FEEDER AND STABLE BERMS DAUPHIN ISLAND, MOBILE -- ARTIFICIAL REEF TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS -- Artificial Reef Technology in Japan -- Artificial Reef Technology in the United States -- BIOENGINEERING APPLICATIONS FOR COASTAL RESTORATION -- GIS APPLICATION IN MARINE HABITAT MANAGEMENT -- APPENDIX C Source Reference Table -- APPENDIX D Summary of Solicited Expert Accounts -- References.