RESEARCH REQUIRED TO SUPPORT COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY MONITORING -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- SEISMOLOGY -- HYDROACOUSTICS -- INFRASOUND -- RADIONUCLIDES -- RESEARCH SYNERGY -- DATA ACCESS -- RESEARCH FUNDING AND PROGRAM BALANCE -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER -- 1 Introduction: The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty -- 1.1 NUCLEAR TESTING TREATIES -- 1.2 REQUIREMENT OF SAFEGUARDS -- 1.3 ROLE OF SCIENCE IN NUCLEAR TEST TREATY MONITORING -- 1.4 MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CTBT -- 1.5 THE INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM -- 1.6 U.S. OPERATIONS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURES -- 1.7 TRANSITIONS IN THE U.S. RESEARCH PROGRAM -- 2 CTBT Monitoring Technical Challenges that Drive Research -- INTRODUCTION -- 2.1 PHYSICAL PHENOMENA: SOURCE EXCITATION, SIGNAL PROPAGATION, AND RECORDING -- Atmospheric or Space Explosions -- Underwater Explosions -- Underground Explosions -- 2.2 FUNCTIONS OF MONITORING SYSTEMS -- Event Detection -- Signal Tuning -- Detection Algorithms -- Onset Estimation -- Association -- Source Location -- Size Estimation -- Effects of Decoupling -- Source Identification -- Attribution -- Attribution on the Basis of Location -- Attribution on the Basis of Debris or Artifacts -- On-Site Inspection -- 2.3 MONITORING INFRASTRUCTURE -- 3 Monitoring Technologies: Research Priorities -- INTRODUCTION -- 3.1 SEISMOLOGY -- Major Technical Issues -- Detection -- Association -- Location -- Size Estimation -- Identification -- Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Seismic Monitoring -- 3.2 HYDROACOUSTICS -- Major Technical Issues -- Detection -- Association and Location -- Identification -- Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Hydroacoustic Monitoring -- 3.3 INFRASONICS -- Major Technical Issues -- Detection.

Development of a Sensor with Extended Response, Temperature Stability, and High Accuracy -- Improved Spatial Filter Design -- Improved Knowledge of Noise Sources in the Turbulent Boundary Layer -- Improved Array Design -- High-Frequency Sampling of Infrasound Signals -- Improved Signal Processing -- Calibration and Testing -- Association and Location -- Size Estimation -- Source Identification -- Attribution -- Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Infrasound Monitoring -- 3.4 RADIONUCLIDES -- Major Technical Issues -- Fixed Station Air Particulate Monitoring -- High-Resolution Gamma Detector for Ambient Temperature Operation -- Fixed Station Radioactive Noble Gas Monitoring -- Rapid Response Airborne Monitoring -- Proposed Rapid Particulate and Radioiodine Airborne Monitor -- Rapid Response Waterborne Monitoring -- Improvements in Basic Data Used to Make Source Term Estimates -- Improvement in Air Trajectory Models for Backtracking Calculations -- Rapid Radiochemical and Instrumental Techniques for Radionuclide Analysis of Filter Papers -- Other Areas that Should be Investigated to Improve Radionuclide Detection Sensitivity -- Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Radionuclide Monitoring -- 3.5 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES -- 3.6 OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEW MONITORING SYNERGIES -- Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Synergy -- 3.7 ON-SITE INSPECTION METHODS -- 4 U.S. Research Infrastructure -- INTRODUCTION -- 4.1 STRUCTURE OF CURRENT DOD AND DOE PROGRAMS -- 4.2 RESEARCH PROGRAM BALANCE -- 4.3 COORDINATION WITH OTHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS -- 4.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR LONG-TERM STABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- 5.1 CTBT MONITORING CHALLENGES -- 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS -- Seismology -- Hydroacoustics -- Infrasound -- Radionuclides -- References -- A Statement of Task.

CHARGE FROM THE NUCLEAR TREATY PROGRAM OFFICE -- ORIGINAL AFOSR-PHILLIPS LABORATORY SEISMIC REVIEW PANEL -- B Research Support History -- C Seismic Event Location -- D Seismic Magnitudes and Source Strengths -- LOCAL MAGNITUDE, ML -- BODY WAVE MAGNITUDE, mb -- SURFACE WAVE MAGNITUDE, Ms -- Lg MAGNITUDE -- CODA MAGNITUDE -- SOURCE STRENGTH ESTIMATION BASED ON WAVEFORM MODELING -- SOURCE MECHANISM ESTIMATION FROM REGIONAL SEISMOGRAMS -- MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXPLOSIONS AND EARTHQUAKES -- ROLE OF SIZE ESTIMATION IN TREATY MONITORING -- E Hydroacoustics -- THE SOFAR CHANNEL -- AMBIENT NOISE -- UNDERWATER EXPLOSIVE SOURCES -- INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM HYDROACOUSTIC SIGNAL LEVELS -- F Infrasonics -- INTRODUCTION -- SENSOR DESIGN -- COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY INFRASOUND MONITORING -- SOUND SOURCES -- Natural Sources -- Explosive Sources -- SIGNAL PROPAGATION -- G Radionuclide Source Term Ranges for Different Test Scenarios -- 1. ATMOSPHERIC FREE-AIR TESTS -- A. Stratospheric Tests -- B. Tropospheric Tests -- C. Tropospheric Tests with Rain-Out -- 2. SOIL-BURST TESTS -- A. Aboveground Transition Zone Tests -- B. Aboveground Transition Zone Tests with Rain-Out -- C. Ground Surface Tests -- D. Underground Transition Zone Tests -- E. Tests with Containment -- 3. OCEAN-BURST TESTS -- A. Above-Water Transition Zone Tests -- B. Above-Water Transition Zone Tests with Rain-Out -- C. Ocean Surface Tests -- D. Underwater Transition Zone Tests -- E. Deeply Submerged Ocean Tests -- H Acronyms.