TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- Background -- Socioeconomic Situation -- Economic Growth and Structure of the Economy -- Government Sector and Public Debt -- 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Situation -- Demographic Trends -- Burden of Disease and Causes of Death -- Child Health -- Women's Reproductive Health -- Health Conditions of Eritrea's Nomadic Communities -- Changing Epidemiological Profile -- Eritrea and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) -- 3. Eritrea's Health System -- Policy and Governance Context -- Planning and Budgeting -- Decentralization -- Health System Structure, Coverage, and Capacity -- Pharmaceuticals -- Health Sector Financing -- Household Health Care Utilization and Expenditures -- 4. Performance of the Health System -- Strengths -- Challenges -- 5. Recommended Next Steps -- Short-term Priorities -- Medium-term Priorities -- Long-term Priorities -- Annex A. Eritrea-Ministry of Health -- Annex B. Eritrea-Trends in Macroeconomic Indicators, 1993-2000 -- Annex C. The Ministry of Health Organization Structure -- Annex D. Geographic Distribution of Health Facilities in Eritrea in Year 2000 -- Annex E. Health Care Financing -- Annex F. International Comparison Tables -- Annex G. Millennium Development Goals Progress Status -- Annex H. Eritrea Health Sector Performance -- Bibliography -- TABLES -- 2.1: Demographic Indicators Estimated, 2000-2020 -- 2.2: Immunization Coverage and Incidence of Immunizable Diseases (1995-2000) -- 2.3: Millennium Development Goal Indicators -- 3.1: Growth of Health Infrastructure, 1990-2000 -- 3.2: Distribution of Health Facilities by Type and Zone, 2000 -- 3.3: Number of Beds and Bed Occupancy Rate by Zones, 2000 -- 3.4: Growth of Human Resources in the MOH, 1991-2000.

3.5: Distribution and Category of Available Health Personnel per zone, 2000 -- E.1: Eritrea, Health Spending Estimates in Nominal Nafka and Percent, 1999 -- E.2: Eritrea, Public Sector Review of Health, 1995-1999 (in Nominal and Real Nafka) -- E.3: MOH Financing Projection Results, 2001-2007, Real 2001 Nafka ('000) -- E.4: Unit Cost Estimates in Nafka for Health Facilities by Type of Service, 1994 -- E.5: Cost-Effectiveness of Disease Interventions (Birr/Discounted Life Year Saved) -- E.6: Share of Burden of Diseases versus Share of Budgetary Spending, 1994 -- E.7: Percent of Households Reporting an Illness who made Various Levels of Payment by Type of Expenditure, 1997 -- E.8: Household Consumption and Health Expenditures among Total Sample Households and among Households Utilizing Health Facili -- E.9: Percent of Unit Costs Recovered through User Fee Policy by MOH Health Facilities, 1996 -- E.10: Schedule of User Fees at Different Health Facility Levels -- F.1: Sub-Saharan Africa, Global Demographic Indicators, 1999 -- F.2: Sub-Saharan Africa:Health Indicators (1990-1999) -- F.3: Sub-Saharan Africa, Physicians and Beds per 1,000 Population (1990-1999) -- F.4: Sub-Saharan Africa, Health Expenditure Pattern, 1990-1998 -- FIGURES -- 2.1: Population Pyramid for 2000 and 2020 (in '000) -- 2.2: Eritrea, Population Pyramid for 2000 and 2020 (Percent) -- 2.3: Global Trends in Life Expectancy at Birth -- 2.4: Selected Countries, Percentage Change in Life Expectancy at Birth 1990-1999 -- 2.5: Selected Countries, Life Expectancy at Birth (Gender Differentials in Years) 1990-1999 -- 2.6: Selected Countries, Age Dependency Ratio in Percentage, 1990-1999 -- 2.7: Selected Countries, Percentage Population Using Modern Contraceptives 1987-1996 -- 2.8: Percentage Share of Burden of Disease, 1994 -- 2.9: Global Trends in Infant Mortality.

2.10: Selected Countries, Prevalence of Stunting and Underweight in Preschool Children -- 2.11: Global Trends in Under-5 Mortality -- 2.12: Immunization Coverage for Children Under-1 in Percent (1995-1999) -- 2.13: Selected Countries, Percentage of Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care, 1995 -- 2.14: Selected Countries, Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel 1985-2000 -- 2.15: Global Trends in Maternal Mortality -- 3.1: MOH Health Facilities, 1990-2000 -- 3.2: Global Trends in Bed Capacity per 1,000 Population -- 3.3: MOH Human Resources, 1991-2000 -- 3.4: Global Trends of Physicians per 1,000 Population -- 3.5: Global Trends in Public Health Expenditure as Percent of GDP -- 3.6: Global Trends in Per Capita Public Health Expenditure -- 3.7: Sources of Treatment for the Ill, 1997 (in Percent) -- E.1: Eritrea, Source of Health Care Financing,1999 (Percent) -- E.2: Public Sector Health Expenditure,1995 -1999 (in Nominal Nafka, Thousands) -- E.3: Public Sector Review of the Health Sector, GOE versus Donor Contribution, 1995-1999 (Percent) -- E.4: Eritrea, Public Sector Review of Recurrent Expenditure for Health, 1995-1999 (Percent) -- CHARTS -- 1: Organizational Structure of the Ministry of Health -- 2: Proposed Organizational Structure of the Ministry of Health -- 3: Zonal Level -- 4: Zonal Health Organisation.