Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Contributors -- 1 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Basic Approaches and Terminology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Photophysical Processes in Solid Photocatalysts and Photoinduced Molecular Transformations on Their Surface -- 1.2.1 Absorption of Light By Solid Photocatalysts -- 1.2.2 Quantities Describing Light Absorption Used in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.2.2.1 Absorbance, Reflectance, Transmittance, Linear Absorption Coefficient, Absorption Cross-Section -- 1.2.2.2 Absorbance and Reflectance of Powders Used in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.2.2.3 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Absorption of Solids -- 1.2.2.4 Intrinsic Low-Coordinated Surface States -- 1.2.2.5 Intrinsic Structural Point Defects -- 1.2.2.5.1 Defects Related to Oxygen Vacancies (Family of {V0}) -- 1.2.2.5.2 Defects Related to Cation Vacancies (Family of {VM}) -- 1.3 Photogeneration, Recombination, and Trapping of Charge Carriers in Photoactive Solids -- 1.3.1 Diffusion and Drift of Charge Carriers -- 1.3.2 Trapping of Carriers by Defects -- 1.3.3 Stationary Concentration of Photocarriers and Band-To-Band Recombination -- 1.3.4 Recombination of Carriers Via Defects -- 1.3.5 Trapping of Carriers With Formation of Centers Similar to Color Centers -- 1.3.6 Lifetime and Concentration of the Free Charge Carriers -- 1.4 Impact of Catalysis on Photocatalysis -- 1.5 Impact of Photochemistry on Photocatalysis -- 1.6 Concluding Remarks and Notes -- References -- 2 Light Activated Processes with Zeolites: Recent Developments -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Organic Photochemistry within Zeolites -- 2.3 Zeolite-Based Quantum Dot (QD) Materials Relevant to Solar Energy Applications -- 2.4 Photocatalysis Facilitated by Zeolite -- 2.5 Environmental Photochemistry with Zeolites -- 2.6 Novel Optical Materials Using Zeolites -- References.

3 Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 CO2 Photoconversion Into Light Hydrocarbons -- 3.3 Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting -- 3.3.1 Two-Step Systems -- 3.3.2 One-Step Systems -- 3.3.3 Noble Metal Doping -- 3.3.4 Transition Metal Ion Doping -- 3.3.5 Anion Doping -- 3.3.6 Alkaline-Earth Titanate Based Compounds -- 3.3.7 Composite Photocatalysts -- 3.3.8 Non-TiO2 Photocatalysts -- 3.3.9 The Role of Sacrificial Agents and Carbonate Salts -- 3.3.10 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 3.4 Hydrogen Production by Biomass Conversion -- 3.5 Hydrogen Production by Glycerol Conversion -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Solar Energy Conversion Using Single-site Photocatalysts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Characterizations and Photocatalytic Reactions on Single-Site Ti4+-Containing Catalysts -- 4.2.1 Single-Site Ti4+-Containing Mesoporous Silica -- 4.2.2 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 With H2O -- 4.2.3 Effect of Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Natures -- 4.2.4 Photocatalytic Reduction of NO -- 4.3 Characterizations and Photocatalytic Reactions on Single-Site Cr6+-Containing Catalysts -- 4.3.1 Single-Site Cr6+-Containing Mesoporous Silica -- 4.3.2 Photocatalytic Performances of Single-Site Cr6+-Containing Catalyst -- 4.4 Photocatalytic Performances of Single-Site Cr6+- and Ti4+-Containing Binary System -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Principle of Photocatalysis and Design of Active Photocatalysts -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 What is Photocatalysis? -- 5.3 Photocatalytic Activity -- 5.4 Principle of Photocatalysis -- 5.5 Thermodynamics of and Energy Conversion by Photocatalysis -- 5.6 Kinetics of Photocatalysis -- 5.7 Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysis -- 5.8 Design of Active Photocatalysts -- 5.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Solar Photocatalysis for Environment Remediation -- 6.1 General Remarks.

6.2 Photocatalytic Activity Under Visible Light Irradiation -- 6.3 Solar Light Photocatalysis to Abate Atmospheric Pollution -- 6.4 Solar Photocatalysis for Water Remediation -- 6.5 Solar Photocatalysis for Soil Remediation -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Self-Cleaning Materials Based on Solar Photocatalysis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Coating or Incorporating TiO2. Thickness of the TiO2-containing Layer -- 7.3 Methods for Increasing the Self-Cleaning Efficacy -- 7.4 Photo-Induced Hydrophilicity -- 7.5 Measurements of the Self-cleaning Efficacy -- 7.5.1 Laboratory Tests -- 7.5.1.1 Conditions of the Tests -- 7.5.1.2 Choice of the Deposited Compound for the Tests -- 7.5.1.3 Methods for Measuring the Cleaning Efficacy -- 7.5.1.4 Hydrophilicity Measurement -- 7.5.2 Field Observations and Limitations of the Self-Cleaning Effect -- 7.5.2.1 Case of Self-Cleaning Glass Exposed Outdoors in a City -- 7.5.2.2 Limitations Due to the Thickness of Deposits -- 7.5.2.3 Limitations Due to Deposits of Biological Origin -- 7.5.3 Field Tests -- 7.6 Measurements of the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Self-cleaning Materials -- 7.7 Potential effect of Self-cleaning Materials on the Removal of Air Pollutants Outdoors -- 7.8 Considering the Potential Health Risk of TiO2-Containing Self-Cleaning Materials -- 7.9 Commercial Availability of Self-cleaning Materials and Coatings -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Photocatalysts for Solar Hydrogen Conversion -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Hydrogen Fuel -- 8.1.2 Solar Hydrogen Conversion Concepts -- 8.1.3 Photocatalyst Requirements -- 8.1.4 Photoconversion Efficiency -- 8.2 Titanium-Based Solar Hydrogen Conversion Materials -- 8.2.1 Efficiency Improvement by Ion Doping -- 8.2.2 Co-catalyst Loading -- 8.2.3 Addition of Sacrificial Reagents -- 8.2.4 Changes in Morphology.

8.3 Photocatalysts Based on Other Metals with d0 Electronic Configurations -- 8.3.1 Tungsten -- 8.3.2 Iron -- 8.3.3 Niobium -- 8.3.4 Zirconium -- 8.3.5 Tantalum -- 8.4 Photocatalysts Based on Metals with d10 Electronic Configuration -- 8.4.1 Copper -- 8.4.2 Gallium -- 8.4.3 Germanium -- 8.4.4 Zinc -- 8.4.5 Indium -- 8.4.6 Cadmium -- 8.5 Photosynthetic Analogous Materials -- 8.5.1 Cobalt Phosphate (Co-Pi) -- 8.5.2 Photosystem I Hybrids -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Innovative Photocatalysts for Solar Fuel Generation by CO2 Reduction -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 9.2.1 Homogenous Photocatalysis -- 9.2.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 9.3 Supramolecular Photocatalysts -- 9.4 Heterogenized Molecular Photocatalysts -- 9.5 Photochemical Enzymatic Catalysts -- 9.6 Composite Heterogeneous Photocatalysts -- 9.7 Single-Site Metal Oxide Photocatalysts -- 9.8 Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction -- 9.9 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Solar Photocatalytic Disinfection of Bacteria -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Photocatalytic Bacteria-Inactivation with UV Light -- 10.2.1 Nanocrystalline TiO2 -- 10.2.2 Doped TiO2 -- 10.2.3 Nanocomposites -- 10.2.4 Immobilized TiO2 -- 10.2.5 Photoreactor Types -- 10.2.6 Photoelectrocatalysis -- 10.2.7 Different Bacteria -- 10.3 Solar Photodisinfection -- 10.3.1 Solar UV-Light-Photoinactivation -- 10.3.2 Solar Visible Light-Photoinactivation -- 10.4 Photocatalytic Disinfection Mechanism -- References -- 11 Surface-Modified Anisotropic TiO2 Nanocrystals Immobilized in Membranes: A Biologically Inspired Solar Fuel Catalyst -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Wireless Photoelectrochemical Cells (PECs) -- 11.3 Semiconductor Nanowires and Nanorods -- 11.4 Colloidal Hybrid Nanostructures -- 11.5 New Designs That Build On the "Gratzel Colloid" and "Artificial Leaf".

11.6 Self-Assembly of Nanostructured Catalyst to Form Organized Systems for Water Splitting at the Macroscale -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Current Development of Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion -- 12.1 The Importance and History of Solar Energy, a Bright Future with Global Markets -- 12.2 Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion -- 12.3 TiO2 for Photocatalysis -- 12.4 Basic Crystal Structure of TiO2 -- 12.5 Tailoring Morphology of TiO2 Photocatalytic Nanomaterials -- 12.6 Optical Excitations and Carrier Dynamics -- 12.7 Interface Charge Transfer and Surface Reaction -- 12.8 Overpotential -- 12.9 From UV to Visible Light -- 12.9.1 Limitation of TiO2 Nanomaterials -- 12.9.2 Doping of TiO2 Nanomaterials -- 12.9.3 Sensitization of TiO2 Nanomaterials by Organic Dye -- 12.9.4 Sensitization of TiO2 Nanomaterials by Narrow Band Gap Semiconductors -- 12.9.5 Future Directions: Novel Materials and Visible-Light Catalysis with TiO2 -- 12.10 Hybrid Materials -- 12.11 Green Chemistry Using Photocatalysis -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Role of Advanced Analytical Techniques in the Design and Characterization of Improved Catalysts for Water Oxidation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Solar Photoelectrocatalysts -- 13.1.2 Water Oxidation Catalysts -- 13.1.3 Types of Water Oxidation Catalysts -- 13.2 Electrochemical Techniques -- 13.2.1 Introduction -- 13.2.2 Determination of the Redox Potential -- 13.2.3 The Water Splitting Solar Simulator -- 13.2.4 Photo-Electrochemical Cells -- 13.3 Product Detection -- 13.3.1 Introduction -- 13.3.2 Clark-Electrodes and Analytical Use of Electrochemistry -- 13.3.3 Fluorescence Probe -- 13.3.4 Faradaic Efficiency -- 13.4 Spectroscopy and Imaging -- 13.4.1 Introduction -- 13.4.2 UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometry -- 13.4.3 EPR Spectroscopy -- 13.4.3.1 Theory -- 13.4.3.1.1 Zeeman Interaction.

13.4.3.1.2 Hyperfine Interactions.