CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION: ECOLOGY, MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT -- CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION: ECOLOGY, MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 CLIMATE AND DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION IN EGYPT'S DESERTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GEOMORPHOLOGY OF EGYPT -- CLIMATE OF EGYPT -- A. In the Past -- B. At Present -- CLIMATE - SOIL - VEGETATION RELATIONSHIPS -- VEGETATION OF EGYPT'S DESERTS -- A. Vegetation Forms -- 1. Accidental Vegetation - Form -- 2. Ephemeral Vegetation Form -- 3. Perennial Vegetation Form -- B. Vegetation Types -- I. Mangrove Vegetation -- II. Reed Swamp Vegetation -- III. Salt Marsh Vegetation -- 1-3. Halocnemum Strobilaceum, Arthrocnemum Macrostachyum and Salicornia Fruticosa Community Types -- 4. Halopeplis Perfoliata Community Type -- 5. Inula Crithmoides Community Type -- 6-8. Suaeda Fruticosa, S. Pruinosa and S. Vermiculata Community Types -- 9. Limonium Pruinosum Community Type -- 10. Limonium Axillare Community Type -- 11. Zygophyllum Album Community Type -- 12. Salsola Tetrandra Community Type -- 13. Halimione Portulacoides Community Type -- 14. Limoniastrum Monopetalum Community Type -- 15. Cressa Cretica Community Type -- 16. Frankenia Revoluta Community Type -- 17-18. Aeluropus Spp. Community Types -- 19. Sporobolus Spicatus Community Type -- 20. Sporobolus Virginicus Community Type -- 21. Juncus Rigidus Community Type -- 22. Juncus Acutus Community Type -- 23-24. Nitraria Retusa and Suaeda Monoica Community Types -- 25-26.Tamarix Mannifera and T. Passerinoides Community Types -- V. Sand Dune Vegetation -- VI. Vegetation of the Rocky Ridges -- VII. Vegetation of the Desert Wadis -- VIII. Vegetation of The Montane Country -- A. Red Sea and Sinai Mountains -- 9. Species of the Nakkat Habitat -- B. Gebel Uwienat (Western Desert) -- ZONATION OF VEGETATION IN EGYPT'S DESERTS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS OF RUSSIA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- Mid-Annual Temperature -- Monthly Average Temperature -- Atmospheric Precipitation -- Sunshine Duration -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 TOWARDS ADAPTATION MEASURES IN PROTECTING MANGROVES FROM CLIMATE CHANGE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SUSTAINABILITY OF MANGROVE FORESTS -- THE RISE AND FALL OF MANGROVES WITH SEA LEVEL CHANGES -- THE RESPONSE OF MANGROVE FORESTS TO OTHER PREDICTED CLIMATE CHANGES -- Atmospheric CO2 Concentration -- Temperature -- Precipitation -- Storms -- Ocean Acidification -- THE STATUS OF MANGROVES -- ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES -- THE WAY FORWARD -- THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 REDUCING TRANSPORT'S IMPACT ON CLIMATE CHANGE -- ABSTRACT -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE THREAT TO TRANSPORT -- 3. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY -- 3.1. Road Vehicles -- 3.2. Aircraft -- 3.3. Rail -- 3.4. Ships -- 4. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: INCREASE VEHICLE LOADINGS -- 4.1. Passenger Transport -- 4.2. Freight Transport -- 5. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: USE LOW-CARBON FUELS -- 5.1. Natural Gas -- 5.2. Liquid Biofuels -- 5.3. Non-Fossil Energy For Electric Powered Vehicles -- 6. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: SHIFT TO THE MORE EFFICIENT MODES -- 6.1. Passenger Transport -- 6.2. Freight Transport -- 7. DISCUSSION: THE NEED FOR TRAVEL REDUCTIONS -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE -- ABSTRACT -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GEOENGINEERING PROPOSALS -- 3. CARBON SEQUESTRATION -- 4. NON-CARBON ENERGY SOURCES -- 4.1. Renewable Energy Sources -- 4.2. Nuclear Energy -- 5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS -- 6. DISCUSSION.

7. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 SPATIAL-ENERGY FRAMEWORK AIMING AT BREAKTHROUGHS BRINGS GOALS BEYOND POLICY OBJECTIVES WITHIN REACH -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PROBLEM -- 3. HYPOTHESIS -- 4. STATE OF THE ART IN RENEWABLE ENERGY-THINKING -- 5. ENERGY AND SPATIAL PLANNING: AN UNDERESTIMATED RELATIONSHIP -- 6. TOWARDS AN INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY: THE GRONINGEN CASE -- 6.1. Energy Potential Mapping (EPM) -- 6.2. Conceptual Design -- 6.3. Swarm Planning -- 6.4. Findings -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 ADAPTATION OPTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE* -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CRITICAL FIELDS OF AGRICULTURAL ADAPTATION OPTIONS IN EUROPE -- 2.1. Adaptation of Crop and Soil Management -- 2.2. Adaptation of Pest, Disease and Weed Management -- 2.3. Adaptation of Agricultural Land Use (Changing Production Systems) -- 2.4. Main Recommendations and Limitations for Adaptation in European Agriculture -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 GLOBAL WARMING, CROP SELECTION AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS IN KENYAN AGRICULTURE1* -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE DATA -- 3. CLIMATE CHANGE AND IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE IN KENYA -- 3.1. AOGCMS and Climate Change Scenarios -- 3.2. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture -- 4. EMPIRICAL RESULTS -- 4.1. Impact of Climate Change on Crop Selection -- Descriptive Statistics -- Determinants of Crop Selection -- 4.2. Awareness of and Adaptations to Climate Change -- Perceptions of and Adaptations to Short-Term Climate Variations -- Perceptions of and Adaptations to Long-Term Climate Variations -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX: ANALYSIS OF CROP CHOICE: THEORY AND METHODS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.