HUNGER EFFORTS ANDFOOD SECURITY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE* -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- RESULTS IN BRIEF -- BACKGROUND -- WORLD LEADERS HAVE ESTABLISHED GOALSTO HALVE WORLD HUNGER BY 2015 -- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA HAS MADE LITTLE OR NO PROGRESSIN ACHIEVING WFS AND MDG GOALS -- MULTIPLE DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS IMPLEMENTPROGRAMS TO ADVANCE AGRICULTURE AND FOODSECURITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- FOOD INSECURITY PERSISTS INSUB-SAHARAN AFRICA DUE TOSEVERAL FACTORS, INCLUDINGLOW AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY -- LOW AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY -- LIMITED RURAL DEVELOPMENT -- GOVERNMENT POLICY DISINCENTIVES -- POOR HEALTH -- RISING GLOBAL COMMODITY PRICES -- CLIMATE CHANGE -- EFFORTS OF HOST GOVERNMENTS ANDDONORS, INCLUDING THE UNITED STATES,TOWARD HALVING HUNGER IN SUB-SAHARANAFRICA BY 2015 HAVE BEEN INSUFFICIENT -- LIMITED PRIORITIZATION, LOW AGRICULTURAL SPENDING,AND WEAK CAPACITY OF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONSHAMPER HOST GOVERNMENT EFFORTS -- Achieving Food Security has not been Prioritized by some HostGovernments -- Low Agriculture Spending Levels Remain a Significant Challenge -- WEAK CAPACITY OF HOST GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONSHINDERS LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY OFINTERVENTIONS AND REPORTING ON PROGRESS -- Some Food Security Interventions Are Unsustainable due to a Lackof Host Government Capacity -- Weak Reporting on Progress toward Hunger Goals -- Weak Reporting on Progress toward Hunger Goals -- DECLINING RESOURCES, DIFFICULTIES IN COORDINATION,AND DEFICIENCIES IN UNDERNOURISHMENT ESTIMATESLIMIT DONOR EFFORTS -- Multilateral and Bilateral Aid to African Agriculture has Declined -- Donors and other Development Partners have ExperiencedDifficulties in Coordination -- FAO Estimates of Undernourishment Have Deficiencies.

LIMITED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES ANDA FRAGMENTED APPROACH IMPAIR U.S. EFFORTSTO END HUNGER IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- USAID's Food Aid Funding for Emergencies has IncreasedSubstantially, while its Food Aid Funding for Development has notChanged Significantly -- Despite other Agency Efforts, U.S. Presidential Initiative to EndHunger in Africa is Limited to USAID -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I: OBJECTIVES,SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX II: U.S. PARTICIPATIONIN THE 1996WORLD FOOD SUMMIT -- APPENDIX III: FACTORS AND INTERVENTIONSAFFECTING FOOD SECURITY -- APPENDIX IV: SUMMARY RESULTS OF GAO'SSTRUCTURED PANEL DISCUSSIONS WITHDONORS AND NGOS,WITH EXAMPLES OF INTERVENTIONS -- INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO MARKETS -- INTERVENTIONS TO STRENGTHEN RURALCOMMUNITIES AND ECONOMIES -- INTERVENTIONS TO BETTER TARGET OR MANAGENONEMERGENCY FOOD AID -- INTERVENTIONS TO INVEST IN ANDIMPROVE INFRASTRUCTURE -- INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE NATURAL RESOURCEMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE ACCESS TO INPUTS -- PARTICIPANTS IN GAO'S STRUCTURED PANEL DISCUSSIONSAND ROUNDTABLE -- APPENDIX V:ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENTPARTNERS THAT IMPLEMENT FOOD SECURITYINTERVENTIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- APPENDIX VI: NEW FOOD SECURITYCHALLENGES: RISING DEMAND FORBIOFUELS AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- GROWING BIOFUEL DEMAND PROJECTEDTO INCREASE AFRICAN FOOD INSECURITY -- CLIMATE CHANGE PREDICTED TO INCREASEAFRICAN FOOD INSECURITY -- ADDITIONAL SOURCE INFORMATION -- APPENDIX VII: COMMENTS FROM THE U.S.AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT -- GAO COMMENTS -- APPENDIX VIII: COMMENTS FROMTHE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE -- GAO COMMENT -- APPENDIX IX: COMMENTS FROMTHE DEPARTMENT OF STATE -- GAO COMMENTS -- RELATED GAO PRODUCTS -- ENDNOTES -- INDEX.