Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems -- Contents -- Foreword -- Series Preface -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Cellulosic Energy Crops -- 1.1 Cellulosic Biomass: Definition, Photosynthesis, and Composition -- 1.2 Cellulosic Biomass Properties and Their Relevance to Downstream Processing -- 1.2.1 Moisture Content -- 1.2.2 Energy Density -- 1.2.3 Fixed Carbon/Volatile Matter Ratio -- 1.2.4 Ash Content -- 1.2.5 Alkali Metal Content -- 1.2.6 Carbohydrate/Lignin Ratio -- 1.3 Desirable Traits and Potential Supply of Cellulosic Energy Crops -- 1.4 The Case for Cellulosic Energy Crops -- References -- 2 Conversion Technologies for the Production of Liquid Fuels and Biochemicals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biomass Conversion Technologies -- 2.3 (Bio)Chemical Conversion Route -- 2.3.1 Pretreatment -- 2.3.2 Hydrolysis -- 2.3.3 Fermentation -- 2.3.4 Biocatalysis -- 2.3.5 Catalysis -- 2.4 Thermochemical Conversion Route -- 2.4.1 Pyrolysis -- 2.4.2 Gasification -- 2.4.3 Liquefaction -- 2.4.4 Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) Process -- 2.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 3 Technologies for Production of Heat and Electricity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Combustion -- 3.2.1 Direct-Fired Combustion -- 3.2.2 Co-Fired Combustion -- 3.3 Repowering -- 3.4 Gasification -- 3.5 Pyrolysis -- 3.6 Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction -- 3.7 Anaerobic Digestion -- 3.8 Integrated Biorefineries -- 3.9 Summary -- References -- 4 Miscanthus Genetics and Agronomy for Bioenergy Feedstock -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition -- 4.2.1 Phylogeny -- 4.2.2 Growth -- 4.2.3 Genetic Diversity for Biomass Production -- 4.2.4 Genetic Diversity for Biomass Composition -- 4.3 Cultural Practices -- 4.3.1 Establishment -- 4.3.2 Fertilization -- 4.3.3 Disease, Pest Control -- 4.3.4 Invasiveness.

4.3.5 Harvest Management -- 4.4 Genetic Improvement -- 4.4.1 Past and Current Projects -- 4.4.2 Genetic Resources -- 4.4.3 Traits and Varieties of Interest -- 4.4.4 Tools for Genetic Studies Breeding and Phenotyping -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Switchgrass -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition -- 5.3 Cultural Practices -- 5.3.1 Establishment and Weed Management -- 5.3.2 Fertilization -- 5.3.3 Disease and Pest Management -- 5.3.4 Harvest Management -- 5.4 Genetic Improvement -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- 6 Sugarcane, Energy Cane and Napier Grass -- 6.1 Sugar and Energy Cane -- 6.1.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition -- 6.1.2 Cultural Practices -- 6.1.3 Genetic Improvement -- 6.2 Napier grass -- 6.2.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition -- 6.2.2 Cultural Practices -- 6.2.3 Genetic Improvement -- References -- 7 Sorghum -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sorghum Phenology, Genetic Structure and Types -- 7.2.1 Types of Sorghum for Energy Production -- 7.2.2 Basic Phenological Traits of Importance in Sorghum -- 7.2.3 Sorghum Composition -- 7.3 Cultural Practices -- 7.3.1 Propagation Methods -- 7.3.2 Establishment -- 7.3.3 Fertilization -- 7.3.4 Water Use -- 7.3.5 Disease and Pest Control -- 7.3.6 Harvest Management -- 7.4 Genetic Improvement -- 7.4.1 Development of Hybrid Sorghum and Heterosis -- 7.4.2 Current Sorghum Breeding Approaches -- 7.4.3 Germplasm Collections and the Sorghum Conversion Program -- 7.4.4 Sweet Sorghum -- 7.4.5 Biomass Sorghum -- 7.4.6 Breeding for Stress Tolerance -- 7.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 8 Crop Residues -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 Corn Stover -- 8.3 Wheat Straw -- 8.4 Future Opportunities -- References -- 9 Eucalyptus -- 9.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition -- 9.1.1 Introduction and Phylogeny -- 9.1.2 Growth and Yield.

9.1.3 Wood Composition -- 9.2 Cultural Practices -- 9.2.1 Establishment -- 9.2.2 Fertilization -- 9.2.3 Disease and Pest Control -- 9.2.4 Harvest Management (Cutting Height, Season, and Frequency) -- 9.3 Genetic Improvement -- References -- 10 Pine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Phylogeny, Chemical Composition -- 10.1.2 Heat of Combustion -- 10.1.3 Growth -- 10.1.4 Energy Yield per ha per Year -- 10.2 Cultural Practices -- 10.2.1 Nursery Production -- 10.2.2 Planting Season -- 10.2.3 Planting Density -- 10.2.4 Planting Row Configuration -- 10.2.5 Weed Control -- 10.2.6 Fertilization -- 10.2.7 Insects, Disease and Nematodes -- 10.2.8 Resin Management -- 10.3 Harvesting -- 10.3.1 Harvest Age -- 10.3.2 Harvest Season -- 10.3.3 Clearcut Harvests -- 10.3.4 Thinning Harvest -- 10.3.5 Residue Harvest -- 10.3.6 "Hitch a Ride": Biomass Harvest -- 10.4 Genetic Improvement -- 10.5 Economics -- 10.6 Government Regulations -- 10.7 Final Comments -- References -- 11 Poplar -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Cultural Practices -- 11.2.1 Establishment -- 11.2.2 Environmental Benefits -- 11.2.3 Disease and Pest Control -- 11.2.4 Harvest Management (Cutting Height, Season, Frequency) -- 11.3 Genetic Improvement -- 11.4 Utilization -- 11.5 Carbon Sequestration and Soil Response -- References -- 12 Development and Deployment of Willow Biomass Crops -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Shrub Willow Characteristics -- 12.3 Production Systems for Willow Biomass Crops -- 12.4 Willow Biomass Crop Economics -- 12.5 Environmental and Rural Development Benefits -- 12.6 Commercial Development -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Herbaceous Biomass Logistics -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Typical Biomass Logistics Constraints -- 13.2.1 Resource Constraints -- 13.2.2 Purchaser Constraints -- 13.3 Linkage in Logistics Chain -- 13.3.1 Model Systems in Commercial Practice.

13.3.2 Assigning Unit Operations to Various Business Entities -- 13.4 Plant Size -- 13.5 Harvesting -- 13.5.1 Coupled Versus Uncoupled Systems -- 13.6 Highway Hauling -- 13.6.1 Truck Cost -- 13.6.2 Interaction with Bulk Density -- 13.6.3 24-h Hauling -- 13.7 Development of Concept for Multibale Handling Unit -- 13.7.1 Modulization of Bales -- 13.7.2 Receiving Facility -- 13.7.3 Farmgate Contract -- 13.7.4 Hauling Contract -- 13.7.5 Application of Information Technologies -- 13.7.6 Storage -- 13.7.7 At-Plant Storage -- 13.8 Functionality Analysis for Rack System Concept -- 13.8.1 Operation Plan for 24-h Hauling -- 13.8.2 Operational Plan for Receiving Facility -- 13.8.3 Size of At-Plant Storage Yard -- 13.9 Cost Analysis for 24-h Hauling Using Rack System Concept -- 13.9.1 Truck Cost Excluding Fuel -- 13.9.2 Truck Fuel Cost -- 13.9.3 Total Truck Cost -- 13.9.4 Load, Unload Operations -- 13.9.5 Size Reduction -- 13.10 Summary -- Appendix 13.A Cost to Operate Workhorse Forklift (Example for Equipment Cost Calculations) -- Appendix 13.B Operational Plan for "Rack System" Example -- B.1 Operation Plan for SSL Loading -- B.2 Influence of SSL Size on Rack Loading Operations -- B.3 Total Trucks Required- 24-h Hauling -- B.4 Total Racks Required- 24-h Hauling -- References -- 14 Woody Biomass Logistics -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Overview of the Woody Biomass Supply Chain -- 14.2.1 Sources and Scale of Temporal Variability -- 14.2.2 Preprocessing in the Woody Biomass Supply Chain -- 14.3 Woody Biomass from Dedicated Energy Crops -- 14.4 Woody Biomass from Stand Thinning -- 14.5 Logging Residues -- 14.5.1 Whole Tree Versus Cut-to-Length -- 14.5.2 Effect of Source on Feedstock Quality -- 14.6 Harvesting and Processing Systems and Equipment -- 14.6.1 Harvesting -- 14.6.2 Single-Grip Harvesters -- 14.6.3 Feller-Bunchers.

14.6.4 Short-Rotation Woody Crop Harvesters -- 14.6.5 Ground-Based Skidding and Forwarding -- 14.6.6 Slash Forwarders and Chipper-Forwarders -- 14.6.7 Shovel Logging -- 14.6.8 Chippers -- 14.6.9 Grinders -- 14.6.10 Portable Conveyors -- 14.6.11 Combined Harvesting and Processing Equipment -- 14.7 Woody Biomass Transportation -- 14.7.1 Regulatory Considerations -- 14.7.2 Operational Considerations -- 14.7.3 Concentration Yards -- 14.8 Pretreatment -- 14.8.1 Mechanical and Chemical Pretreatments -- 14.8.2 Thermal Pretreatments -- 14.8.3 Locating Pretreatment Operations -- 14.9 Handling and Storage -- 14.10 Logistics Management -- 14.10.1 Delivered Cost and Woody Biomass Logistics -- 14.10.2 Spatial Analysis of Woody Biomass Logistics -- 14.10.3 GIS -- 14.10.4 Estimating Biomass Stocks Across a Landscape -- 14.10.5 Estimating Transportation Costs Across a Landscape -- 14.10.6 Estimating Harvest Costs Across a Landscape -- 14.10.7 Planning -- References -- 15 Economic Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Economics of Crop Production -- 15.2.1 Crop Enterprise Budgets -- 15.2.2 Stover as a Co-Product of Corn Grain -- 15.2.3 Perennial and Multiseason Crops -- 15.2.4 Crop Production Functions -- 15.2.5 Crop Rotations and Long Run versus Short Run Land Allocation -- 15.2.6 Economies of Size and Scale -- 15.3 Risk and Uncertainty -- 15.3.1 Yield Risk -- 15.3.2 Stochastic Production Function -- 15.3.3 Price Risk -- 15.3.4 Effects of Risk on the Profit Maximization Decision Framework -- 15.3.5 Time and Risk -- 15.3.6 Finance, Risk, Debts and Assets, Bankruptcy -- 15.3.7 Product Market Risk and 'Thin' Markets -- 15.4 Risk Mitigation and Management -- 15.5 Supply, Demand and Prices -- 15.5.1 Derived Demand -- 15.5.2 Equilibrium: The Interaction of Supply and Demand -- 15.5.3 The Derived Demand for Land.

15.6 The Start-Up Barrier.