Roots of Afrikaans -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- 1. Hans den Besten's involvement with Afrikaans -- 2. Afrikaans and the history of South Africa -- 3. Structure of the present volume -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1. The origins of the Afrikaans pre-nominal possessive system(s) -- 1. Introduction: Questions about Afrikaans possessive structures -- 2. PNP constructions in Dutch and Afrikaans -- 2.1 Data 1: Attributive pronominal possessives -- 2.2 Data 2: Attributive nominal possessives -- 2.3 Data 3: Free possessives -- 2.4 Summing up the problems -- 3. A tentative descriptive model for PNP constructions -- 3.1 Attributive possessives -- 3.2 Free possessives -- 4. The founder dialect and variation in (Early Modern) Afrikaans -- 5. Possessive constructions in the substrate languages -- 5.1 Possessive constructions in Pasar Malay -- 5.2 Possessive constructions in Asian Creole Portuguese and Khoekhoe -- 5.3 Substrate? Which substrate? -- 6. Possessive constructions in Cape Dutch Pidgin and a new source for se -- 7. Summing up -- Acknowledgment -- Chapter 2. The complex ancestry of the Afrikaans associative constructions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Afrikaans associative structures and a bit of language typology -- 3. Previous scholarship -- 4. New hypotheses: Khoekhoe and the Eastern Malay dialects (and beyond) -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 3. What a little word can do for you -- 1. Relativization in Afrikaans -- 2. WHAT as a WH-marker in Afrikaans -- 3. WHAT in possessive relatives -- Chapter 4. Afrikaans relative 'wat' and West-Germanic relativization systems -- 1. Introduction1 -- 2. Systems of relativization -- 3. West-Germanic relativization systems and Afrikaans -- 3.1 West-Germanic relativization systems and the analysis of the relativization system of Afrikaans.

3.2 West-Germanic relativization systems and the provenance of the Afrikaans relativization system -- 4. The age of the relativization system of Afrikaans -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 5. Demonstratives in Afrikaans and Cape Dutch Pidgin -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The origins of dit -- 2.1 Cautioning remarks -- 2.2 Afrikaans linguistics on the origins of dit -- 2.3 Personal pronouns and afr. dit -- 2.4 Where does afr. dit come from? -- 3. Potential evidence from CDP -- 4. More on dat/dit in Khoekhoe Afrikaans -- 5. The origins of dié 'this,these' -- 5.1 The various usages of dié -- 5.2 The origins of proximate dié -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 6. Speculations on [χ]-elision and intersonorantic [υ] in Afrikaans* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. [χ]-elision and strengthening: Some data -- 2.1 [χ]-elision: A first set of data -- 2.2 Strengthening [χ] after sonorant consonants -- 2.3 Strengthening [χ] after vowels -- 2.4 Additional remarks -- 3. [χ]-elision: An hypothesis -- 3.1 Raidt (1983) on [χ]-elision -- 3.2 The relationship between [χ]-elision and [χ]-strengthening -- 4. A parallel case -- 5. Diachronic and dialectal data -- 6. Back to the hypothesis: Language contact and internal development -- Chapter 7. The Dutch pidgins of the Old Cape colony -- 1. Introductory remarks -- 2. On the history of the Cape pidgins -- 3. Structure and lexicon of the Cape pidgins -- 3.1 Introductory remarks -- 3.2 The Hottentots (Khoekhoe) -- 3.3 The slaves -- 4. Language osmosis and the genesis of Hottentot Dutch -- 4.1 Introductory remarks -- 4.2 Relexification of Khoekhoe -- 4.3 Willem ten Rhyne (1686): Morphology and vocabulary of Hottentot Dutch -- 4.4 Further remarks -- 5. The origin of the ‑m suffix -- 5.1 Allomorphy: ‑um/‑om vs. ‑me -- 5.2 Earlier attempts at explanations -- 5.3 An alternative suggestion -- 6. Concluding remarks -- List of abbreviations.

Chapter 8. On the "verbal suffix" -UM of Cape Dutch Pidgin -- 1. Introduction: Two hypotheses -- 2. -UM in the sources -- 2.1 The sources -- 2.2 The data in our sources -- 2.3 The -UM data in figures -- 3. The pronunciation of the allomorphs -- 3.1 -m, -em and -om -- 3.2 -um: Dutch vs.Danish vs.German -- 4. A Dutch etymology -- Appendix -- Chapter 9. Relexification and pidgin development -- 1. Preliminaries -- 2. The CDP sentence: relexification and stripping (and more) -- 2.1 SOV word order and the history of CDP -- 2.2 Relexification and stripping -- 2.3 Relexification and pro-drop -- 2.4 Negation, temporal anchoring and 'have' and 'be' -- 2.5 Looking ahead -- 3. CDP DPs: Relexification, stripping and adaptation -- 3.1 DP-internal word order -- 3.2 Petrified endings? Nominalizations? -- 3.3 Conclusion -- 4. CDP PPs -- 5. CDP clauses again -- 6. Conclusions -- Chapter 10. Khoekhoe syntax and its implications for L2 acquisition of Dutch and Afrikaans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Typological and other linguistic considerations -- 3. Some considerations concerning the interaction between Dutch/Afrikaans and Khoekhoe in the early period -- 3.1 Khoekhoe in contact with Dutch/Afrikaans: relexification and Pidgin formation -- 3.2 Evidence for a diachronic relationship between Cape Dutch Pidgin and Orange River Afrikaans -- 3.3 Concluding remarks concerning Cape Dutch Pidgin -- 4. Sentential structure in Khoekhoe -- 4.1 Introductory remarks -- 4.2 CP and AgrP in Khoekhoe -- 4.3 The VP in Khoekhoe -- 4.4. Sentential structure in Khoekhoe: Some concluding remarks -- 5. Consequences for pidginization and L2 acquisition -- 5.1 SOV and the VP in Cape Dutch Pidgin -- 5.2 P2 phenomena and Cape Dutch Pidgin -- 5.3 Pro-drop as a side effect -- 5.4 Acquiring V2/V1 and possible consequences -- 5.5 Some remarks on complex initials -- 6. Concluding remarks.

Chapter 11. Reduplication in Afrikaans -- 1. Synchronic description -- 1.1 Verbs -- 1.2 The modal auxiliary verb wil -- 1.3 Adverbs -- 1.4 Adjectives -- 1.5 Nouns -- 1.6 Numerals -- 1.7 Adverbial functions -- 2. Rules and special cases -- 2.1 Reduplication formation rule -- 2.2 Semantic interpretation rule -- 2.3 Special cases -- 3. Diachrony -- 3.1 Previous scholarship -- 3.2 The Dutch background -- 3.3 The relative chronology of reduplication at the Cape of good hope -- 3.4 The substrate factor -- 4. Conclusion -- Chapter 12. Double negation and the genesis of Afrikaans -- 1. Preliminary considerations -- 2. Afrikaans and other languages once spoken at the Cape -- 2.1 Introductory remarks -- 2.2 Various views on the development of Afrikaans (Hesseling e.a.) -- 2.3 The linguistic situation at the Cape from a historical point of view -- 2.4 Consequences for research -- 3. Double negation in Afrikaans -- 3.1 The problem -- 3.2 Against the dialectal hypothesis -- 3.3 Nie-2 and interference -- 4. Interference and substrate in the Cape Dutch Pidgins -- 4.1 The Cape Dutch Pidgins -- 4.2 Nie-2 and the genesis of Hottentot Dutch -- 4.3 Conclusion -- 5. Negation in the Cape Dutch Pidgins -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 13. From Khoekhoe foreigner talk via Hottentot Dutch to Afrikaans -- Prolegomena -- 1. The Dutch side of Afrikaans -- 2. The philologists' view -- 3. An alternative view -- 4. The structure of Hottentot Dutch and its genesis -- 5. The Convergence model for Afrikaans again: Some linguistic facts -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 14. Creole Portuguese in South Africa -- Introduction -- 1. The emergence of Afrikaans -- 2. The Hesseling myth of a South African Malayo-Portuguese -- 2.1 Hesseling's hypothesis on the emergence of Afrikaans (18991, 19232) -- 2.2 How did Hesseling arrive at his interpretation?.

3. Linguistic data on Creole Portuguese at the Cape -- 3.1 Creole Portuguese data in the old Cape Colony -- 3.2 Problematic cases in Franken (1953) and Raidt (1980, 1981) -- 3.3 Von Wielligh's and Franken's Creole Portuguese data from the 19th and 20th centuries -- 3.4 What variety of Creole Portuguese? -- 4. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 15. The slaves' languages in the Dutch Cape colony and Afrikaans vir -- Introduction -- 1. Afrikaans vir -- 2. Creole Portuguese in SA: Malayo- and/or Indo-Portuguese -- The Cape Colonial slave population -- 3. The origins of the object markers per/par/pur and ku(n) and the other languages at the Cape -- 4. South African Malay, some data -- 5. The syntax of Eastern Malay dialects with special reference to object marking -- 5.1 North Moluccan Malay -- 5.2 Manado Malay -- 5.3 Ambon Malay -- 6. Conclusions -- Chapter 16. A badly harvested field -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Two additional issues -- 3. The first sub-period -- 3.1 The forerunners: Wreede (1663/1664) and ten Rhyne (1673) -- 3.2 Contact with the Republic of letters in the 1690s -- 3.3 Collectors and copiers: Grevenbroek and Büttner, Valentyn and Kolb (early 18th century) -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4. The second sub-period -- 4.1 The naturalists (1773-1783) -- 4.2 The officers -- 5. Concluding remarks -- 6. Postcript -- Chapter 17. Desiderata for Afrikaans historical linguistics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. On-going Dutch -- 2.1 'Mixed' stages and parallel constructions -- 2.2 The possessive construction of Afrikaans -- 2.2.2 Evidence from older grammars of Afrikaans -- 2.3 Conclusion -- 3. A founder dialect? -- 4. Languages in contact at the Cape -- 4.1 Provenance of the slaves -- 4.2 'Vir' and the East-Malay dialects -- 4.3 'Pa-hulle' and the East-Malay dialects -- 4.4 Language relationship and areal typology -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Appreciations -- Giving voice.

1. 'Archive fever' in the pursuit of (language) history.