Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu -- Copyright -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Guide to Transliteration -- Contents -- Introduction -- I. Practices of Codification -- I.1. Introduction -- I.2. Hindi and Urdu as treated in the existing grammars and language courses -- I.2.1. List of the grammars and language course text books -- I.2.2. The changing nomenclature in the titles -- I.2.2.1. From Shakespear to Vinson:1818-1899 -- I.2.2.2. St. Clair Tisdall: 1911 -- I.2.2.3. Greaves: 1921 - Dann: 1928 -- I.2.2.4. Saihgal: 1938 versus 1958 -- I.2.2.5. Bailey: 1950-1956/1978 -- I.2.2.6. Bender: 1961 (1948)-1963 -- I.2.2.7. McGregor: 1972-1992 -- I.2.2.8. Snell & Weightman 1989 - Matthews & Dalvi 1999 -- I.2.2.9. Colloquial Hindi 1996 - Colloquial Urdu 2000 -- I.3. Conclusion -- II. The Authors, Their Stories and the Stylistic Differences -- II.1. Introduction -- II.2. Premcand -- II.2.1. Background and education -- II.2.2. His times -- II.2.3. His language -- II.2.4. The selected stories -- II.2.4.1. Manovṛtti/Apnā apnā k̲h̲ayāl -- II.2.4.2. Ātma saṃgīt/Nag̲h̲ma-e-rūḥ -- II.2.4.3. Kariśmā-e- intiqām/Kariśmā-e-intiqām (Adbhut pratiśodh) -- II.3. Sa'ādat Ḥasan Mantọ -- II.3.1. Background and education -- II.3.2. His times -- II.3.3. His language -- II.3.4. Selected short stories -- II.3.4.1. Ṭhaṇḍā gośt -- II.3.4.2. K̲h̲udā kī qasm -- II.3.4.3. Hindī aur Urdū -- II.4. Abdul Bismillāh -- II.4.1. Background, education and times -- II.4.2. His language -- II.4.3. Selected short stories -- II.4.3.1. Ādhā phūl ādhā śav -- II.4.3.2. Siddīqī sāhib -- II.4.3.3. Ṭinnū kā ṭelifon -- II.5. Gulzār -- II.5.1. Background and education -- II.5.2. His times -- II.5.3. His language -- II.5.4. Selected short stories -- II.5.4.1. K̲h̲auf -- II.5.4.2. Rāvī pār -- II.5.4.3. Zinda/Jīnā yahāṃ -- II.6. Qurrat ul-'ain Ḥaidar.

II.6.1. Background and education -- II.6.2. Her times -- II.6.3. Her language -- II.6.4. Selected short stories -- II.6.4.1. Foṭogrāfar/ Phoṭographar -- II.6.4.2. Jugnuoṃ kī duniyā -- II.6.4.3. Malfūzāt-e ḥājī gul bābā bek tāśī/hājī gulbābā bektāśī ke pravacan -- II.7. Sajjād Ḥaidar 'Yildirim' -- II.7.1. Background education and times -- II.7.2. His language and style -- II.7.3. Selected short stories -- II.7.3.1. Ek dost kī k̲h̲abar-e-wafāt sun kar -- II.7.3.2. Sīl-e zamāna -- II.7.3.3. Agar maiṃ s̱aḥrā niśīn hotā -- II.7.4. The linguistic features -- II.8. Bacan Śarma Paṇḍey 'Ugra' -- II.8.1. Background and education -- II.8.2. Selected short stories -- II.8.2.1. Dillī kī bāt -- II.8.2.2. K̲h̲udārām -- II.8.2.3. Rīsarc -- II.8.3. The linguistic features -- II.9. Mohan Rākeś -- II.9.1. Background and education -- II.9.2. His times -- II.9.3. Selected short stories -- II.9.3.1. Bas stạnḍ kī ek rāt -- II.9.3.2. Śikār -- II.9.3.3. Malbe kā mālik -- III. Linguistic Differences in the Short Story Corpus -- III.1. Morpho-syntactic changes -- III.1.1. The presumed open door:the iẕāfat-construction -- III.1.1.1. The iẕāfat -construction in the bilingual corpus -- III.1.1.2. Peculiarities -- III.1.1.3. The iẕāfat in the Hindi and non-bilingual corpus -- III.1.2. Singular versus plural -- III.1.2.1. Formal Hindus, informal Muslims? -- III.1.2.2. Special plural forms -- III.1.3. The postpositions 'ko' and 'kā' -- III.1.3.1. Attributives versus 'kā'-constructions -- III.1.3.2. Different ways to express the accusative case -- III.1.3.3. Personal pronouns + 'ko' -- III.1.4. The adjective 'jaisā' -- III.1.5. Verbal changes: change of tense -- III.1.5.1. The Perfect Tense -- III.1.5.2. The Imperfect Tense -- III.1.5.3. The Present Tense -- III.1.5.4. The Subjunctive and Future Tenses -- III.1.5.5. Absolutives -- III.1.5.6. Double use of 'honā'.

III.1.5.7. Imperative -- III.1.5.8. Progressive -- III.1.5.9. Imperfect/Perfect Participles with or without 'huā' -- III.1.6. Verbal changes: change of auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.1. 'ānā' (to come) as an auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.2. 'uṭhnā' (to get up) as an auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.3. 'karnā' (to do) as an auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.4. 'cuknā' (to be completed) as an auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.5. 'jānā' (to go) as an auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.6. 'denā' (to give) as an auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.7. 'lagnā' (to be attached to) as an auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.8. 'rahnā' (to stay) as an auxiliary verb -- III.1.6.9. 'saknā' (to be able to) as an auxiliary verb -- III.2. Syntactic changes -- III.2.1. SOV -- III.2.2. (Lack of) punctuation and its consequences -- III.2.2.1. The conjunctions -- III.2.3. Different kinds of pronouns -- III.2.3.1. Interrogative pronouns -- III.2.3.2. Possessive pronouns -- III.2.3.3. Place adverb -- III.2.4. Negators -- III.2.5. The emphatic and enclitic particle 'hī' -- III.2.6. The adverb 'bhī' -- III.2.7. Numerals -- III.3. Lexical changes -- III.3.1. The open door: Sanskrit versus Perso-Arabic -- III.3.1.1. The nouns -- III.3.1.2. The adjectives -- III.3.1.3. The verbs -- III.3.1.4. The postpositions -- III.3.1.5. The adverbs -- III.3.1.6. The conjunctions -- III.3.2. The illogical changes -- III.3.2.1. Perso-Arabic words replaced by Perso-Arabic words -- III.3.2.2. Sanskritic words replaced by Sanskritic words -- III.3.2.3. Switches between English and Perso-Arabic/Sanskritic -- III.4. Orthography and phonology -- III.4.1. Orthographic changes -- III.4.1.1. Absolutive and Future -- III.4.1.2. Postpositions and suffixes -- III.4.1.3. Glides -- III.4.2. Orthographic changes based on phonological differences -- III.4.2.1. The Perso-Arabic sounds -- III.4.2.2. Hypercorrections -- III.4.2.3. Spelling according to pronunciation.

III.4.2.4. Sound shifts -- IV. The Differences Reconsidered -- IV.1. The linguistic differences -- IV.1.1. The linguistic changes in numbers -- IV.1.2. The numbers translated -- IV.2. The nature of the differences and their possible causes -- IV.2.1. The factors 'genre' and 'the topic of the story' -- IV.2.2. The background of the author -- IV.2.3. Convergence and divergence -- IV.3. Translators' styles and influences -- V. Conclusions -- Appendix The Intertwined and Cleft Histories of Hindi and Urdu -- I.1. Introduction -- I.2. The birth of Hindi and Urdu -- I.2.1. Contact linguistics: what can happen when languages are exposed to other languages -- I.2.2. Language contacts in the Indian subcontinent -- I.3. Language ideologies and the Communication Accommodation Theory -- I.4. A short history of Hindi and Urdu: what's in a name? -- I.4.1. From the 8th to the 18th century: irrelevance of script -- I.4.1.1. Hindi -- I.4.1.2. Urdu -- I.4.1.3. Hindustani -- I.4.1.4. Language policies -- I.4.2. The 19th century: trouble in paradise -- I.4.2.1. Language policy: the British and Fort William College -- I.4.2.2. The Hindi Nāgarī Movement -- I.4.3. The 20th century: the divide -- I.4.3.1. Before Partition -- I.4.3.2. After Partition -- I.5. Conclusion -- References -- Index.