Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Hepatocytes -- Introduction -- Liver and hepatocyte development -- Phenotype and regeneration of the mature hepatocyte -- Metabolic functions of the liver -- Resorption, storage, and synthesis -- Detoxification and excretion -- Detoxification of specific substances -- Excretion -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 2 Signaling pathways in biliary epithelial cells -- Introduction -- Membrane receptors -- Cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) -- Cytosolic Ca2+ -- Protein kinase C -- Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling -- Phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase signaling -- Notch signaling -- Hedgehog signaling -- Vascular endothelial growth factor -- Pathological conditions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 3 Stellate cells -- Polypeptide growth factor receptors -- Transforming growth factor-β receptor superfamily -- Seven transmembrane domain receptors -- Chemokines -- Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily -- Nuclear receptor family -- Other cytokine receptors -- Adipokine receptors -- Extracellular matrix signaling and hepatic stellate cells -- Toll-like receptors -- Cannabinoid receptors -- Hedgehog pathway -- Wnt pathway -- Autophagy -- Senescence of activated stellate cells -- miRNAs and hepatic stellate cells -- Conclusion -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 4 Kupffer cells -- Introduction -- Markers, origin, and heterogeneity of Kupffer cells -- M1 versus M2 polarization in Kupffer cells -- Lipopolysaccharide signaling and endotoxin tolerance -- Experimental approaches to deplete Kupffer cells in vivo -- Role of Kupffer cells in liver disease -- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis -- Alcoholic liver disease -- Liver regeneration.

Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis -- Ischemia-reperfusion liver injury -- Primary and metastatic liver tumors -- Infectious diseases -- Clinical applications and future perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 5 Hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells -- Development and structure -- Cellular functions -- Filtration via fenestrae -- Diapedesis -- Nitric oxide signaling -- Endocytosis -- Bacterial processing -- Liver regeneration -- Pathobiology -- Fibrosis and cirrhosis -- Alcoholic liver disease -- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- Hepatic malignancies -- Drug toxicity -- Ischemia-reperfusion injury -- Aging process -- Conclusion -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 6 Extracellular matrix -- Introduction -- Components of the extracellular matrix in liver (Figure 6.1) -- The collagen scaffold -- Proteoglycans -- Laminin -- Fibronectin -- Matricellular proteins -- Changes in the extracellular matrix from normal to fibrotic liver -- Pathways of cell-matrix interaction -- Integrin family -- ADAM molecules -- Discoidin domain receptors -- Growth factors in ECM (Figure 6.4) -- The extracellular matrix and the stem cell niche -- Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 7 Platelets: a new cell type in liver physiology -- What are platelets? -- Ischemia/reperfusion injury -- Cold ischemia -- Warm ischemia -- Liver regeneration -- Role of platelets -- Role of platelet-derived serotonin -- Platelets in chronic liver disease -- Alterations in platelets in patients with liver disease -- Platelet involvement in liver diseases -- Conclusion -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 8 Immune cell communication in liver disease and liver regeneration -- Introduction -- The innate immune system within the liver -- Dendritic cells.

Natural killer cells, tatural killer T cells, and Tγδ cells -- Adaptive immunity within the liver -- T cells -- B cells -- Regulation of the immune response -- Immune cell function in liver disease -- Liver transplantation -- Autoimmune liver disease -- Alcoholic liver disease -- Hepatic immune cell function during liver regeneration -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 9 Extracellular vesicle RNA in liver disease -- Introduction -- Types of extracellular RNA -- Classification of extracellular vesicles -- Contents of extracellular vesicles -- Assessment of extracellular vesicle RNA -- Biological roles of extracellular vesicle RNA -- Pathophysiological roles of extracellular vesicle RNA in liver disease -- Hepatocellular cancer -- Tissue injury -- Viral hepatitis -- Translational implications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 10 Endoplasmic reticulum stress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- Endoplasmic reticulum -- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -- Rough endoplasmic reticulum -- Unfolded protein response -- PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) -- Inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) -- ATF6 transcription factor -- ER stress and apoptosis -- The UPR and human diseases -- Role of the unfolded protein response in liver physiology and physiopathology -- Role of UPR in liver physiology -- Role of UPR in NAFLD -- Targeting the unfolded protein response to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 11 Autophagy -- Introduction -- Autophagy pathways and regulations -- Autophagy molecules and autophagosome biogenesis -- Regulation of autophagy by metabolic and stress pathways -- Autophagy and liver diseases -- Autophagy and viral hepatitis -- Autophagy and hepatic cancer -- Autophagy and alcoholic/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Autophagy in liver injury -- Autophagy in liver fibrosis -- Autophagy and α1-antitrypsin deficiency -- Conclusion -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 12 CXC chemokine receptor signaling in liver repair and regeneration -- Introduction -- Mediators of liver regeneration -- CXC chemokine ligands and receptors -- Impact of CXC chemokines on liver repair and regeneration -- ELR+ CXC chemokines -- ELR- CXC chemokines -- Conclusion -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 13 Metabolic regulation of liver regeneration -- Introduction -- Hepatic insufficiency-induced alterations in metabolism -- Metabolic regulation of liver regeneration -- Metabolic and regenerative responses to PH are proportionate -- Glucose supplementation impairs regeneration -- Disrupting hepatic fat accumulation suppresses regeneration -- Amino acid metabolism and regemneration -- Regenerative regulation of metabolism -- Candidate mechanisms linking metabolism and regeneration -- Xenobiotic-activated nuclear hormone receptor-dependent hepatocellular proliferation -- Metabolism and epigenetic regulation during regeneration -- A metabolic model of liver regeneration -- Clinical implications -- Fatty liver -- Aging -- Subtotal hepatectomy -- Metabolomic biomarkers of human liver regeneration -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 14 TNF signaling -- Introduction -- TNF: molecules and structure -- TNF signaling pathways -- Signal transduction by TNFR1 -- Signal transduction by TNFR2 -- Amplification and inhibition of the death signal -- c-Jun N-terminal kinase -- TNF signaling - switching apoptosis to necrosis -- Function of TNF signaling in hepatic pathophysiology -- Liver regeneration -- Toxin-induced liver injury -- Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis -- Viral hepatitis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments.

Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 15 Fas/FasL -- Introduction -- Fas (CD95/APO-1) and Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) -- Fas (CD95/APO-1) -- Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) -- Fas/FasL apoptotic signaling -- Fas/FasL noncytotoxic signaling -- Fas/FasL in liver diseases -- Pathological conditions associated with reduced Fas-mediated apoptosis -- Pathologic conditions associated with excessive Fas-mediated apoptosis -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 16 Interferon signaling -- Interferons -- Induction of type I interferons -- Interferon signaling through the Jak-STAT pathway -- The receptor-kinase complex -- Signal transducers and activators of transcription -- Negative regulators of interferon signaling -- Refractoriness of interferon signaling -- Effects of type I interferons -- Interferon regulated genes -- Antiviral effects -- Antiproliferative effects -- Interferon signaling in viral hepatitis -- Interference of hepatitis C virus with interferon signaling -- Hepatitis C virus-induced activation of the interferon system -- Interferon signaling in chronic hepatitis B -- Interferon signaling in chronic hepatitis D -- Multiple choice questions -- References -- Chapter 17 Endocannabinoid signaling in liver pathologies -- Endocannabinoids -- The endocannabinoid system -- Endocannabinoid synthesis -- Endocannabinoid degradation -- The complex relationships of the endocannabinoid system -- Growing list of potential eCBs and eCB-like lipids -- Alternative paths of eCB degradation and cross-over with other lipid signaling systems -- Affinities of eCBs for CNRs and beyond -- Signaling downstream of the CNRs -- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- Alcoholic fatty liver -- Progression to steatohepatitis -- Liver fibrosis -- Ischemia/reperfusion injury -- Regeneration -- Hepatitis C -- Hepatocellular carcinoma -- Conclusion.

Multiple choice questions.