Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1 Origin, Scope, Design, and Methodology of Evaluation -- Scope -- Design -- Methodology -- Some Limitations of the Study Design -- 2 The CBD/CDD Portfolio -- Temporal, Regional, and Sectoral Distribution of the Portfolio -- Ways That CBD/CDD Projects Differ from Those in the Non-CBD/CDD Portfolio -- 3 Outcome of Bank-Supported CBD/CDD Projects -- Outcome Ratings -- Relevance -- Efficacy -- Targeting the Poor Is Not Enough to Reach the Poor -- Efficiency -- 4 Institutional Enhancement and Sustainability -- Institutional Enhancement -- Sustainability -- 5 Bank Operational Policy Requirements, Processes, and CBD/CDD Interventions -- The Bank Has Attempted to Adapt Its Policies to Design and Implement CBD/CDD Projects -- Bank Capacity to Ensure Effective Implementation of CBD/CDD Interventions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- Annexes -- Annex A: Definition of "Community" -- Annex B: Results Chain for World Bank CDD Projects -- Annex C: World Bank Guidance on Key Design Principles for CDD -- Annex D: Study Framework, Methods, and Instruments -- Annex E: The Universe of CBD/CDD Projects and Its Distribution -- Annex F: Sample of CBD/CDD and CDD Projects -- Annex G: OED Ratings of Completed Projects -- Annex H: Focus on CBD/CDD and Related Aspects in Bank and Borrower Strategy -- Annex I: Central Government and Local Government Surveys -- Annex J: Efficiency -- Annex K: Nkayi District Formal and Informal Systems -- Annex L: Results of Bank Staff Survey -- Annex M: Methodology for Community-Level Data Collection and Analysis -- Annex N: Enhancing Community Capacities -- Annex O: Poverty Targeting -- Annex P: Evidence from Fieldwork on Sustainability -- Annex Q: Safeguard Thematic Study: A Summary -- Annex R: Advisory Committee Comments.

Annex S: Management Response -- Annex T: Chairman's Summary: Committee on Development Effectiveness -- Endnotes -- References -- Boxes -- 1.1: Primary Data Collection for the Evaluation of CBD/CDD Projects -- 3.1: Change in Social Capital and Empowerment as a Means of Assessing the Community Capacity-Enhancing Impact of Bank CBD/CDD Interventions -- 3.2: Highly Satisfactory Aspects of Design and Implementation in Selected CBD/CDD Projects -- 3.3: Local Champions Can Effectively Use Bank CBD/CDD Funds: A Case from Ghana -- 3.4: Example of Sophisticated Poverty Targeting in Two Recent Vietnam CDD Projects -- 4.1: Inconsistent Strategies: The Road Sector Experience in Nepal -- 4.2: Bank CDD Projects Have Added to the Proliferation of Municipal Councils in Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) -- 4.3: Why Formal Groups Do Not Last Long -- 5.1: The Meaning of the Environmental Categories -- 5.2: The Fiduciary Challenge: The Case of Vietnam -- 5.3: Some Monitoring and Evaluation Features to Emulate: The Case of the Indonesia Kecamatan Development Project -- Figures -- 1.1: The Universe of CBD/CDD Projects -- 2.1a: Bank Commitments to Projects with CBD/CDD Approaches Have Grown -- 2.1b: Africa Has the Largest Share of Projects with CBD/CDD Approaches -- 2.2: Communities Have More Responsibility in CDD Projects -- 3.1: Outcome Ratings of CBD/CDD Projects Have Been Better Than Those of Non-CBD/CDD Projects -- 3.2a: CBD/CDD Projects in the Latin American and Caribbean Region Have Done Better Than Projects in Other Regions -- 3.2b: CBD/CDD Projects in Education and Social Protection Do Better Than Projects in Health and Rural Development -- 3.3: CBD/CDD Is Increasingly Important in Country Programs -- 3.4: Community Priorities Are Better Met When There Is Greater Choice -- 3.5: Focus Groups Report Significant Decision Making by Local Leaders.

3.6: Subproject Cycle Is Too Short for Meaningful Enhancement of Community Capacity -- 3.7: CBD/CDD Projects Cost the Bank More Than Non-CBD/CDD Projects -- 4.1: Low-Income Countries Work with More Partners -- 4.2: Sustainability Has Been Consistently Lower for CBD/CDD Projects but Is Improving -- Table -- ES.1: Overview of CBD/CDD Strengths and Weaknesses.