Front Cover -- Medical Biochemistry -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Water, Acids, Bases, and Buffers -- 1.1 Properties of Water -- 1.2 Buffers -- 1.3 Measurement of pH -- 1.4 H + Concentration and pH -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 2. Amino Acids -- 2.1 L-α-Amino Acids:Structure -- 2.2 Classification -- 2.3 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Properties -- 2.4 Chemical Reactions of Amino Acids -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 3. Protein Isolation and Determination of Amino Acid Sequence -- 3.1 Quantitative Determination of Proteins -- 3.2 Determination of Primary Structure -- 3.3 Separation of Proteins -- 3.4 Capillary Electrophoresis -- 3.5 Amino Acid Composition -- 3.6 Amino Acid Sequence Determination -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 4. Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins -- 4.1 Attractive and Repulsive Forces in Proteins -- 4.2 Primary Structure -- 4.3 Secondary Structure -- 4.4 Tertiary Structure -- 4.5 Quaternary Structure -- 4.6 Denaturation -- 4.7 Protein Folding and Associated Diseases -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 5. Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics , and Energy Metabolism -- 5.1 Methods of Altering the Rate of Reactions -- 5.2 Thermodynamics -- 5.3 Standard Free Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP -- 5.4 Chemical Kinetics -- 5.5 Energy Metabolism -- 5.6 Obesity -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 6. Enzymes I: General Properties , Kinetics , and Inhibition -- 6.1 Nomenclature -- 6.2 Catalysis -- 6.3 Kinetics of Enzymes Catalyzing Two-Substrate Reactions -- 6.4 Inhibition -- 6.5 Kinetics of Ligand-Receptor Interaction -- 6.6 Mechanisms of Enzyme Action -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 7. Enzymes II: Regulation -- 7.1 Types of Regulation -- 7.2 Allosteric Enzyme Regulation.

Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 8. Enzymes III: Clinical Applications -- 8.1 Diagnosis and Prognosis of Disease -- 8.2 Serum Markers in the Diagnosis of Tissue Damage -- 8.3 Enzymes as Analytical Reagents -- 8.4 Enzymes as Therapeutic Agents -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 9. Simple Carbohydrates -- 9.1 Classification -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 10. Heteropolysaccharides I: Glycoproteins and Glycolipids -- 10.1 Glycoproteins -- 10.2 Cell Membrane Constituents -- 10.3 Cell-Surface Glycoproteins -- 10.4 Serum Glycoproteins -- 10.5 Molecular Mimicry of Oligosaccharides and Host Susceptibility -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 11. Heteropolysaccharides II: Proteoglycans and Peptidoglycans -- 11.1 Protein Fibers and Proteoglycans -- 11.2 Peptidoglycans -- 11.3 Lectins -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 12. Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption -- 12.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the GI Tract -- 12.2 Gastrointestinal Hormones -- 12.3 Digestion and Absorption of Major Food Substances -- 12.4 Absorption of Water and Electrolytes -- 12.5 Thermic Effect of Food -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 13. Carbohydrate Metabolism I: Glycolysis and TCA Cycle -- 13.1 Glycolysis -- 13.2 Pyruvate Metabolism -- 13.3 Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA)Cycle -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 14. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 14.1 Mitochondrial Structure and Properties -- 14.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 14.3 Mitochondrial Energy States -- 14.4 The Mitochondrial Genome -- 14.5 Nuclear Control of Respiratory Chain Expression -- 14.6 Mitochondrial Diseases -- 14.7 Other Reducing-Equivalent Transport and Oxygen-Consuming Systems -- Supplemental Readings and References.

Chapter 15. Carbohydrate Metabolism II: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown, and Alternative Pathways -- 15.1 Gluconeogenesis -- 15.2 Glycogen Metabolism -- 15.3 Alternative Pathways of Glucose Metabolism and Hexose Interconversions -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 16. Carbohydrate Metabolism III: Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, GPI Anchors, Proteoglycans, and Peptidoglycans -- 16.1 Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins -- 16.2 Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycans -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 17. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism -- 17.1 Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids -- 17.2 Metabolism of Ammonia -- 17.3 Metabolism of Some Individual Amino Acids -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 18. Lipids I: Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids -- 18.1 Oxidation of Fatty Acids -- 18.2 Metabolism of Ketone Bodies -- 18.3 Metabolism of Ethanol -- 18.4 Synthesis of Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids -- 18.5 Metabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids -- 18.6 Nonessential Fatty Acids -- 18.7 trans-Fatty Acids -- 18.8 Essential Fatty Acids -- 18.9 Metabolism of Eicosanoids -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 19. Lipids lI- Phospholipids, Glycosphingolipids, and Cholesterol -- 19.1 Phospholipids -- 19.2 Phospholipids and Glycosphingolipids in Clinical Medicine -- 19.3 Cholesterol -- 19.4 Bile Acids -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 20. Lipids III: Plasma Lipoproteins -- 20.1 Structure and Composition -- 20.2 Metabolism -- 20.3 Lipoprotein-Associated Disorders -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 21. Muscle and Nonmuscle Contractile Systems -- 21.1 Muscle Systems -- 21.2 Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: Overview -- 21.3 Energy Supply in Muscle -- 21.4 Inherited Diseases of Muscle -- 21.5 Nonmuscle Systems -- 21.6 Drugs Affecting Microtubules -- Supplemental Readings and References.

Chapter 22. Metabolic Homeostasis -- 22.1 Metabolic Homeostasis -- 22.2 Metabolic Roles of Organs -- 22.3 Endocrine Pancreas and Pancreatic Hormones -- 22.4 Stored Fuels -- 22.5 Carbohydrate Homeostasis -- 22.6 Lipid Homeostasis -- 22.7 Protein Synthesis and Nitrogen Homeostasis -- 22.8 Abnormalities of Metabolic Homeostasis -- 22.9 Metabolic Homeostasis during Exercise -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 23. Nucleic Acid Structure and Properties of DNA -- 23.1 Components of Nucleic Acids -- 23.2 Physical and Chemical Structure of DNA -- 23.3 Denaturation of DNA -- 23.4 Renaturation of DNA -- 23.5 Repetitive DNASequences -- 23.6 Degradation of DNA -- 23.7 Diagnostic and Clinical Applications of DNA -- 23.8 DNA Vaccines -- 23.9 The Human Genome Project -- 23.10 Genomics and Proteomics -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 24. DNA Replication, Repair, and Mutagenesis -- 24.1 DNA Replication -- 24.2 Enzymologyof DNA Replication -- 24.3 The Replication Fork -- 24.4 Chromosome Replication -- 24.5 DNA Repair -- 24.6 DNA Mutation -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 25. RNA and Protein Synthesis -- 25.1 Structure of RNA -- 25.2 Messenger RNA -- 25.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of RNA -- 25.4 Prokaryotic Transcription -- 25.5 Transcription in Eukaryotes -- 25.6 Genetic Code -- 25.7 Attachment of Amino Acid to tRNA Molecule -- 25.8 Initiator tRNA Molecules and Selection of Initiation Codon -- 25.9 Ribosomes -- 25.10 Protein Synthesis -- 25.11 Collagen Biosynthesis and Its Disorders -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 26. Regulation of Gene Expression -- 26.1 Regulation of mRNA -- 26.2 Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes -- 26.3 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes -- 26.4 Mechanisms of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes -- 26.5 Regulation of Cell Death: Apoptosis -- 26.6 Regulation of Cell Proliferation: Oncogenes.

26.7 Retroviruses and AIDS -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 27. Nucleotide Metabolism -- 27.1 One-Carbon Metabolism -- 27.2 Formation of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate -- 27.3 Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides -- 27.4 Conversion of Nucleoside Monophosphates to Diphosphates and Triphosphates -- 27.5 Formation of Purine Deoxyribonucleotides -- 27.6 Regulation of Purine Biosynthesis -- 27.7 Inhibitors of Purine Biosynthesis -- 27.8 Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides -- 27.9 Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides -- 27.10 Coordination of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis -- 27.11 Catabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides -- 27.12 Abnormalities of Pyrimidine Metabolism -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 28. Hemoglobin -- 28.1 Structure of Hemoglobins -- 28.2 Functional Aspects of Hemoglobin -- 28.3 Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin Structure and Synthesis -- 28.4 Derivatives of Hemoglobin -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 29. Metabolism of Iron and Heme -- 29.1 Iron Metabolism -- 29.2 Heme Biosynthesis -- 29.3 Heme Catabolism -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 30. Endocrine Metabolism I: Introduction -- 30.1 Hormonal Amines -- 30.2 Peptide, Protein, and Glycoprotein Hormones -- 30.3 Steroid Hormones -- 30.4 Mechanism of Hormone Action -- 30.5 Types of Hormone Receptors -- 30.6 Organization of the Endocrine System -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 31. Endocrine Metabolism II: Hypothalamus and Pituitary -- 31.1 Hypothalamus -- 31.2 Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 32. Endocrine Metabolism III: Adrenal Glands -- 32.1 Adrenal Cortex -- 32.2 Adrenal Medulla -- Supplemental Readings and References -- Chapter 33. Endocrine Metabolism IV: Thyroid Gland -- 33.1 Structure-Activity of Thyroid Hormones.

33.2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis.